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What is Swine Influenza¹?

什么是甲流？

A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated² from a pig in 1930.

这种疾病的病原是一种能造成周期性爆发的病毒。甲流感病毒在猪群中的致病率很髙,但猪的死亡率低。甲流感病毒在全年都有可能传播，但大部分会在深秋和冬季月份爆发,这一点与人流感类似。典型的甲流感病毒于1930年第 —次从猪身上分离出来。

Like all influenza viruses, swine flu viruses change constantly. Pigs can be infected by avian influenza and human influenza viruses as well as swine influenza viruses. When influenza viruses from different species infect pigs, the viruses can reassort (i.e. swap³ genes) and new viruses that axe⁴ a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza viruses can emerge. Over the years, different variations of swine flu viruses have emerged. At this time, there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. However, most of the recently isolated influenza viruses from pigs have been H1N1 viruses.

跟所有流感病毒一样,甲流感病毒也在不停地变异。禽流感,人流感以及甲流感病毒都会对猪造成感染。当不同种类的流感病毒同时感染时,病毒之间就会重新“洗牌”(交换基因）,从而产生一种新的“禽人猪”混合病毒。随着时间的推移,也出现了甲流感病毒的多种变种。现在人们从猪身上分离出了4种主要的甲型流感病毒：H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H3N1。但最近分离出来的流感病毒大部分都是H1N1型病毒。

Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. However, sporadic⁵ human infections with swine flu have occurred. Most commonly, these cases occur in persons willi direct exposure to pigs (e.g. children near pigs at a fair or workers in the swine industry). In addition, there have been documented cases of one person spreading swine flu to others. For example, an outbreak of apparent swine flu infection in pigs in Wisconsin in 1988 resulted in multiple human infections, and, although no community outbreak resulted, there was antibody evidence of virus transmission from the patient to health care workers who had close contact with the patient

一般来说，甲流感并不会传染给人类,但人们已经发现了少数人类感染甲流感的病例。这些病例大部分出现在与猪有直接接触的人群中(例如,市场上与猪接触的儿童，以及养猪专业户)。另外也有一些病例是甲流感从一个人传染到另一个人的情况,例如1988年在威斯康星州爆发的猪流感造成了多人感染。尽管甲流感没有在社区中传播开来，但抗体实验证实病毒从病人传播到了与其有近距离接触的医护人员身上。

The symptoms of swine flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal⁶ influenza and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea⁷, vomiting⁸ and diarrhea.

人类感染甲流感的症状可能会与其感染季节性流感的症状类似，包括发烧、瞌睡、厌食以及咳嗽。一些感染甲流感的病人出现了流鼻涕、聊候痛、恶心、呕吐以及腹泻的症状。

Swine influenza viruses are not transmitted by food. You can not get swine influenza firom eating pork or pork products. Eating ptoparly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe. Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 160°F kills the swine flu virus as it does other bacteria and viruses.

甲流感病毒不会通过食物传播。吃猪肉或者猪肉制品不会感染上甲流感.因此食用妥善处理 过或者烹调过的猪肉及猪肉制品是安全的。与其他细菌或者病毒一样，将猪肉加热至内温160华氏 (71.1℃)就会杀死甲流感病毒。

Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. Human infection with flu viruses from pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity⁹ to infected pigs, such as in pig bams and livestock¹⁰ exhibits housing pigs at fairs. Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can also occur. This is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus. People may become infected by touching¹¹ something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

流感病毒能够直接从猪传染给人,或者从人传染给猪。人被猪感染最常见的情形是人与受感染的猪有近距离接触,例如在猪圈里,或者在市场上出售的猪。人与人之间的甲流感传播也是可能的，它的传播方式被认为与季节性流感传播的方式一样,即主要通过病人咳嗽、打喷嚏的方式在人群之间传播。在接触含有病毒的物体之后再摸嘴巴或者摸鼻子也有可能感染病毒。

There are four different antiviral drugs that are licensed¹² for use in the US for the treatment of influenza; amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir. While most swine influenza viruses have been susceptible¹³ to all four drugs, the most recent swine influenza viruses isolated from humans are resistant¹⁴ to amantadine and rimantadine. At this time, CDCP recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for tiie treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses.

现在美国允许以下4种抗病毒药品用于治疗流感:金刚烷胺,金刚乙胺,奥塞米韦和扎那米韦。这4种药品对大部分甲流感病毒都有效，但最近从人类分离出来的甲流感病毒对金刚烷胺和金刚乙胺有抗药性。因此，美国疾病预防控制中心建议使用奥塞米韦和扎那米韦来对甲流感病毒进行治疗和/或预防。

1 influenza   

n.流行性感冒，流感

参考例句：

• They took steps to prevent the spread of influenza.他们采取措施
• Influenza is an infectious disease.流感是一种传染病。

2 isolated   

adj.与世隔绝的

参考例句：

• His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
• Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。

3 swap   

n.交换；vt.交换，用...作交易

参考例句：

• I will swap you my bicycle for your radio.我想拿我的自行车换你的收音机。
• This comic was a swap that I got from Nick.这本漫画书是我从尼克那里换来的。

4 axe   

n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减

参考例句：

• Be careful with that sharp axe.那把斧子很锋利，你要当心。
• The edge of this axe has turned.这把斧子卷了刃了。

5 sporadic   

adj.偶尔发生的 [反]regular；分散的

参考例句：

• The sound of sporadic shooting could still be heard.仍能听见零星的枪声。
• You know this better than I.I received only sporadic news about it.你们比我更清楚，而我听到的只是零星消息。

6 seasonal   

adj.季节的，季节性的

参考例句：

• The town relies on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.这个城镇依靠季节性旅游业提供就业机会。
• The hors d'oeuvre is seasonal vegetables.餐前小吃是应时蔬菜。

7 nausea   

n.作呕，恶心；极端的憎恶(或厌恶)

参考例句：

• Early pregnancy is often accompanied by nausea.怀孕期常有恶心的现象。
• He experienced nausea after eating octopus.吃了章鱼后他感到恶心。

8 vomiting   

吐

参考例句：

• Symptoms include diarrhoea and vomiting. 症状有腹泻和呕吐。
• Especially when I feel seasick, I can't stand watching someone else vomiting." 尤其晕船的时候，看不得人家呕。”

9 proximity   

n.接近，邻近

参考例句：

• Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law.法律规定禁止近亲结婚。
• Their house is in close proximity to ours.他们的房子很接近我们的。

10 livestock   

n.家畜，牲畜

参考例句：

• Both men and livestock are flourishing.人畜两旺。
• The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of livestock.暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。

11 touching   

adj.动人的，使人感伤的

参考例句：

• It was a touching sight.这是一幅动人的景象。
• His letter was touching.他的信很感人。

12 licensed   

adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词)

参考例句：

• The new drug has not yet been licensed in the US. 这种新药尚未在美国获得许可。
• Is that gun licensed? 那支枪有持枪执照吗？

13 susceptible   

adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的

参考例句：

• Children are more susceptible than adults.孩子比成人易受感动。
• We are all susceptible to advertising.我们都易受广告的影响。

14 resistant   

adj.(to)抵抗的，有抵抗力的

参考例句：

• Many pests are resistant to the insecticide.许多害虫对这种杀虫剂有抵抗力。
• They imposed their government by force on the resistant population.他们以武力把自己的统治强加在持反抗态度的人民头上。