时代周刊:为什么孩子比大人更容易掌握一门语言?

Why kids learn languages more easily than you do

为什么孩子比大人更容易掌握一门语言

By Jamie Ducharme

文/杰米·杜沙姆

LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE IS TRICKY¹ AT ANY age (and it only gets tougher the longer you wait to crack open that dusty French book).

二语习得对任何年龄段的人来说都不容易(而且，你在打开那本已经积满灰尘的法语书上拖延的时间越长越困难)。

Now, in a new study, scientists have pinpointed² the exact age at which your chances of reaching fluency³ in a second language seem to plummet⁴: 10.

现在，科学家们在一项新的研究中精确地指出了二语习得时，你有机会达到流利水平的确切年龄分水岭：10岁。

The study, published in the journal Cognition,

这篇发表在《认知》上的研究发现，

found that it's "nearly impossible" for language learners to reach native-level fluency if they start learning a second tongue after 10.

如果语言学习者从10岁以后才开始学，那TA要达到母语水平的流利程度“几乎是不可能的。”

But that doesn't seem to be because language skills go downhill.

尽管这似乎并不是因为过了这个年龄语言技能就会下降造成的。

It turns out you're still learning fast," says study co-author Joshua Hartshorne, an assistant professor of psychology⁵ at Boston College.

“事实上，你还是能学得很快，”该研究报告的联名作者、波士顿学院心理学助理教授乔舒亚·哈特肖恩说。

"It's just that you run out of time, because your ability to learn starts dropping at around 17 or 18 years old."

“问题在于这时候你的时间已经不多了，因为到了17~18岁左右，人的学习能力就会开始下降。”

People who start a few years after age 10 may still become quite good at a language, the authors say, but they are unlikely to become fluent.

论文指出，虽然那些刚过10岁不久就开始学的孩子还是可能掌握地很好，但已经不太可能达到完全流利的水平了。

Kids may be better than adults at learning new languages for many reasons.

孩子比成年人更容易掌握新的语言，这背后可能有诸多原因。

Children’s brains are more plastic than those of adults, meaning they’re better able to adapt and respond to new information.

孩子的大脑有着比成年人的大脑更强的可塑性，也就是说，他们适应新信息并做出反馈的能力更强。

“All learning involves the brain changing,” Hartshorne says, “and children’s brains seem to be a lot more adept⁶ at changing.”

“所有学习都跟大脑的改变有关，”哈特肖恩说，“而孩子的大脑对改变的适应能力似乎比成年人强得多。”

Kids may also be more willing to try new things (and to potentially look foolish in the process) than adults are.

孩子尝试新事物的意愿（在具体过程中可能会表现得比较傻）也比成年人更强。

Their comparatively new grasp on their native tongue may also be advantageous⁷.

因为距离习得母语的时间相对较短，因此在这方面或许也有一定的优势。

Unlike adults, who tend to default to the rules and patterns of their first language, kids may be able to approach a new one with a blank slate⁸.

不同于大人，大人通常会沿用母语的规则和模式，孩子则可能以空白的姿态采用全新的方式学习新的语言。

These indings may seem discouraging,

尽管看似有些让人泄气，

but it was heartening for scientists to learn that the critical period for fluent language acquisition might be longer than they previously⁹ thought.

但让人欣慰的是，科学家们发现，语言习得的关键时期可能比他们之前认为的要长。

Some scientists believed that the brief window closes shortly after birth, while others stretched it only to early adolescence¹⁰.

一些科学家认为短暂的语言学习窗口在出生后不久就会关闭，另一些科学家则认为这一窗口能持续到青春期早期。

Compared to those estimates, 17 or 18 — when language learning ability starts to drop off — seems relatively¹¹ old.

与那些估计相比，17，18岁——也就是语言学习能力开始下降的时候——似乎已经是很大的年龄了。

FOR THE STUDY, the researchers created an online quiz promising¹² to guess people's native language,

在这项研究中，研究人员设计了一个根据大家对英语语法问题的回答，

dialect and home country based on their responses to English grammar questions.

来猜测大家的母语、方言和国家的在线测试。

At the end of the quiz, people entered their actual native language, if and when they had learned any others and where they had lived.

测试时，大家需在测试末尾输入他们实际的母语，是否学过，何时学过其他语言以及他们在哪些地方居住过。

The quiz went viral: almost 670,000 people took it,

后来，这项测试迅速传开：近67万人都参加了测试，

giving the researchers huge amounts of data from English speakers of many ages and backgrounds.

为研究人员提供了不同年龄，不同背景的英语使用者的海量数据。

Analyzing¹³ the responses and grammar mistakes allowed them to draw unusually precise conclusions about language learning.

通过分析大家的回答及其中的语法错误，研究者们得出了异常精确的有关语言习得的结论。

The findings also offer insights for adults hoping to pick up a new tongue.

这些发现也为那些希望学习新语言的成年人提供了很多真知灼见。

People fared better when they learned by immersion¹⁴, rather than simply in a classroom.

浸入式学习的效果比仅仅在教室里学习的效果更好。

And moving to a place where your desired language is spoken is the best way to learn as an adult, says Hartshorne.

成年人学外语的时候，最好的学习方法就是搬到使用你想学的语言的地方去，哈茨霍恩说。

If that's not an option, you can mimic¹⁵ an immersive environment by finding ways to have conversations with native speakers in their own communities, Hartshorne says.

如果这点不在选择范围之内的话，也可以通过想办法在自己所在的地方和该语言的母语人士交流模拟一个浸入式的语言学习环境，哈茨霍恩说。

By doing so, it's possible to become conversationally¹⁶ proficient—even without the advantage of a child's brain.

这样一来，即便没有儿童大脑的优势，也能达到熟练对话的水平。

1 tricky   

adj.狡猾的，奸诈的；(工作等)棘手的，微妙的

参考例句：

• I'm in a rather tricky position.Can you help me out?我的处境很棘手，你能帮我吗？
• He avoided this tricky question and talked in generalities.他回避了这个非常微妙的问题，只做了个笼统的表述。

2 pinpointed   

准确地找出或描述( pinpoint的过去式和过去分词 )； 为…准确定位

参考例句：

• His refusal to help simply pinpointed his cowardice. 他拒绝帮助正显示他的胆小。
• Computers pinpointed where the shells were coming from. 计算机确定了炮弹发射的位置。

3 fluency   

n.流畅，雄辩，善辩

参考例句：

• More practice will make you speak with greater fluency.多练习就可以使你的口语更流利。
• Some young children achieve great fluency in their reading.一些孩子小小年纪阅读已经非常流畅。

4 plummet   

vi.(价格、水平等)骤然下跌；n.铅坠；重压物

参考例句：

• Mengniu and Yili have seen their shares plummet since the incident broke.自事件发生以来，蒙牛和伊利的股票大幅下跌。
• Even if rice prices were to plummet,other brakes on poverty alleviation remain.就算大米价格下跌，其它阻止导致贫困的因素仍然存在。

5 psychology   

n.心理，心理学，心理状态

参考例句：

• She has a background in child psychology.她受过儿童心理学的教育。
• He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学。

6 adept   

adj.老练的，精通的

参考例句：

• When it comes to photography,I'm not an adept.要说照相，我不是内行。
• He was highly adept at avoiding trouble.他十分善于避开麻烦。

7 advantageous   

adj.有利的；有帮助的

参考例句：

• Injections of vitamin C are obviously advantageous.注射维生素C显然是有利的。
• You're in a very advantageous position.你处于非常有利的地位。

8 slate   

n.板岩，石板，石片，石板色，候选人名单；adj.暗蓝灰色的，含板岩的；vt.用石板覆盖，痛打，提名，预订

参考例句：

• The nominating committee laid its slate before the board.提名委员会把候选人名单提交全体委员会讨论。
• What kind of job uses stained wood and slate? 什么工作会接触木头污浊和石板呢？

9 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

10 adolescence   

n.青春期，青少年

参考例句：

• Adolescence is the process of going from childhood to maturity.青春期是从少年到成年的过渡期。
• The film is about the trials and tribulations of adolescence.这部电影讲述了青春期的麻烦和苦恼。

11 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

12 promising   

adj.有希望的，有前途的

参考例句：

• The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
• We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。

13 analyzing   

v.分析；分析( analyze的现在分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析n.分析

参考例句：

• Analyzing the date of some socialist countries presents even greater problem s. 分析某些社会主义国家的统计数据，暴露出的问题甚至更大。 来自辞典例句
• He undoubtedly was not far off the mark in analyzing its predictions. 当然，他对其预测所作的分析倒也八九不离十。 来自辞典例句

14 immersion   

n.沉浸；专心

参考例句：

• The dirt on the bottom of the bath didn't encourage total immersion.浴缸底有污垢，不宜全身浸泡于其中。
• The wood had become swollen from prolonged immersion.因长时间浸泡，木头发胀了。

15 mimic   

v.模仿，戏弄；n.模仿他人言行的人

参考例句：

• A parrot can mimic a person's voice.鹦鹉能学人的声音。
• He used to mimic speech peculiarities of another.他过去总是模仿别人讲话的特点。

16 conversationally   

adv.会话地

参考例句：

• I am at an unfavourable position in being conversationally unacquainted with English. 我由于不熟悉英语会话而处于不利地位。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The findings suggest that happy lives are social and conversationally deep, rather than solitary and superficial. 结论显示，快乐的生活具有社会层面的意义并与日常交谈有关，而并不仅仅是个体差异和表面现象。 来自互联网