万物简史 第243期:马斯特-马克的夸克(15)

 　　The difficulty in making final determinations is that there are often acres of room for interpretation¹. Imagine standing² in a field at night and trying to decide how far away two distant electric lights are. Using fairly straightforward³ tools of astronomy you can easily enough determine that the bulbs are of equal brightness and that one is, say, 50 percent more distant than the other. But what you can't be certain of is whether the nearer light is, let us say, a 58-watt bulb that is 122 feet away or a 61-watt light that is 119 feet, 8 inches away. On top of that you must make allowances for distortions caused by variations in the Earth's atmosphere, by intergalactic dust, contaminating light from foreground stars, and many other factors.

　　若要作出最后的定论，难度确实很大，因为往往有很大的解释余地。想像一下，你夜间站在一片空地上，想要确定远处两盏电灯之间的距离。如果使用比较简单的天文学工具，你很容易确定两个灯泡的亮度一样，以及一个灯泡要比另一个灯泡远50%的距离。但是，你无法确定的是，较近的那盏灯，比如是37米以外的那个58瓦的灯泡，还是36.5米外的那个61瓦的灯泡。此外，你还必须考虑到由几个原因造成的失真：地球大气的变化，星际尘埃，背景恒星对光的污染，以及许多别的因素。

　　夸克的力量

　　The upshot is that your computations are necessarily based on a series of nested assumptions, any of which could be a source of contention⁴. There is also the problem that access to telescopes is always at a premium⁵ and historically measuring red shifts has been notably⁶ costly⁷ in telescope time. It could take all night to get a single exposure. In consequence, astronomers⁸ have sometimes been compelled (or willing) to base conclusions on notably scanty⁹ evidence. In cosmology, as the journalist Geoffrey Carr has suggested, we have "a mountain of theory built on a molehill of evidence." Or as Martin Rees has put it: "Our present satisfaction (with our state of understanding) may reflect the paucity¹⁰ of the data rather than the excellence¹¹ of the theory."

　　因此，你的计算结果势必是以一系列嵌套的假设为基础的，其中任何一个都可能引起争议。还有一个问题：使用天文望远镜总是代价很高，在历史上，测量红移要长时间使用天文望远镜，令人注目地花钱很多。很可能要花上整整一个夜晚才能获得一张底片。结果，天文学家不得不（或者愿意）根据少得可怜的证据就下了结论。在宇宙学方面，正如记者杰弗里·卡尔指出的，我们“在鼹鼠丘似的证据上建立起大山似的理论”。或者像马丁·里斯说的：“我们目前的满足（于我们的认识状态）也许反映了数据的匮乏，而不是理论的高超。”

1 interpretation   

n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理

参考例句：

• His statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
• Analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。

2 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

3 straightforward   

adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的

参考例句：

• A straightforward talk is better than a flowery speech.巧言不如直说。
• I must insist on your giving me a straightforward answer.我一定要你给我一个直截了当的回答。

4 contention   

n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张

参考例句：

• The pay increase is the key point of contention. 加薪是争论的焦点。
• The real bone of contention,as you know,is money.你知道，争论的真正焦点是钱的问题。

5 premium   

n.加付款；赠品；adj.高级的；售价高的

参考例句：

• You have to pay a premium for express delivery.寄快递你得付额外费用。
• Fresh water was at a premium after the reservoir was contaminated.在水库被污染之后，清水便因稀而贵了。

6 notably   

adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地

参考例句：

• Many students were absent,notably the monitor.许多学生缺席，特别是连班长也没来。
• A notably short,silver-haired man,he plays basketball with his staff several times a week.他个子明显较为矮小，一头银发，每周都会和他的员工一起打几次篮球。

7 costly   

adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的

参考例句：

• It must be very costly to keep up a house like this.维修这么一幢房子一定很昂贵。
• This dictionary is very useful,only it is a bit costly.这本词典很有用，左不过贵了些。

8 astronomers   

n.天文学者，天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Astronomers can accurately foretell the date,time,and length of future eclipses. 天文学家能精确地预告未来日食月食的日期、时刻和时长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Astronomers used to ask why only Saturn has rings. 天文学家们过去一直感到奇怪，为什么只有土星有光环。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 scanty   

adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的

参考例句：

• There is scanty evidence to support their accusations.他们的指控证据不足。
• The rainfall was rather scanty this month.这个月的雨量不足。

10 paucity   

n.小量，缺乏

参考例句：

• The paucity of fruit was caused by the drought.水果缺乏是由于干旱造成的。
• The results are often unsatisfactory because of the paucity of cells.因细胞稀少，结果常令人不满意。

11 excellence   

n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德

参考例句：

• His art has reached a high degree of excellence.他的艺术已达到炉火纯青的地步。
• My performance is far below excellence.我的表演离优秀还差得远呢。