听力文摘：啄木鸟和真菌

Woodpeckers and Fungus¹

啄木鸟和真菌

W:Woodpeckers puncture² the bark of dead or dying trees, also known as snags, to find the wood-boring insects that make up their diet, and some species also excavate³ cavities in these trees for their nests.

啄木鸟啄破死树或垂死的树的树皮（也作断枝讲），觅得吃木头的昆虫为食。有些物种也会在这些树上筑巢。

M: So where does the fungus come in?

那么真菌是从哪来的呢？

W:Well, scientists observed that the snags woodpeckers excavate generally contain decayed wood, which is caused by wood-decay fungi⁴. Right. And this led them to wonder whether woodpeckers are attracted to certain types of decay, or if they're the ones actually spreading the fungus that causes the decay.

恩，科学家们观察到啄木鸟啄洞的断枝通常包含由木腐菌造成的蛀木。是的。而且这引起观察家们思考：是某些类型的腐烂吸引了啄木鸟，还是说啄木鸟实际上传播了引起腐烂的真菌呢？

M: So what did come first?

那么到底哪个在先？

W:Well, it turns out that the relationship between the two is pretty complex. When woodpeckers puncture bark, they provide a way for airborne fungal spores⁵ to infect the wood. They also act as vectors, unintentionally picking up fungal spores and other microbes from one snag and carrying them in their beaks⁶ to another. And not surprisingly, species of woodpeckers that nest in cavities carry a significantly larger number of these, which is synergistic, because the decay makes it easier for them to excavate.

恩，事实证明两者关系相当复杂。当啄木鸟啄树皮时，它们为空气传播的真菌孢子感染树木提供了方便，它们同时也是带菌者，无意中携带了真菌孢子和来自某根断枝的其他细菌，它们的喙载着这些细菌再传播给其他树木。毫不奇怪的是，那些在树洞里筑巢的啄木鸟携带着更大量的真菌，它们是协同作用着的，因为腐烂使得啄木鸟啄洞更容易了。

So even though we still don't know which came first, this also isn't merely an intellectual exercise. Woodpeckers are pretty important ecologically because the sites they excavate are used for foraging⁷, roosting, and nesting by many other species as well. And now that there's debate over whether snags contribute to forest fires and should be removed, it's especially important to study potential ramifications⁸.

因此，即使我们不知道先有哪个，这也不仅仅是一种智力测验。从生态学的观点看，啄木鸟的角色相当重要，因为啄木鸟挖掘的树洞可以用于觅食，栖息，还可以被其他物种用来筑巢。既然人们关于断枝是否会导致森林火灾而应该被移除争论不休，那么研究一下可能出现的后果就特别重要了。

1 fungus   

n.真菌，真菌类植物

参考例句：

• Mushrooms are a type of fungus.蘑菇是一种真菌。
• This fungus can just be detected by the unaided eye.这种真菌只用肉眼就能检查出。

2 puncture   

n.刺孔，穿孔；v.刺穿，刺破

参考例句：

• Failure did not puncture my confidence.失败并没有挫伤我的信心。
• My bicycle had a puncture and needed patching up.我的自行车胎扎了个洞，需要修补。

3 excavate   

vt.挖掘，挖出

参考例句：

• They plan to excavate a large hole.他们计划挖个大洞。
• A new Danish expedition is again excavating the site in annual summer digs.一支新的丹麦探险队又在那个遗址上进行一年一度的夏季挖掘。

4 fungi   

n.真菌，霉菌

参考例句：

• Students practice to apply the study of genetics to multicellular plants and fungi.学生们练习把基因学应用到多细胞植物和真菌中。
• The lawn was covered with fungi.草地上到处都是蘑菇。

5 spores   

n.（细菌、苔藓、蕨类植物）孢子( spore的名词复数 )v.（细菌、苔藓、蕨类植物）孢子( spore的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Ferns, mosses and fungi spread by means of spores. 蕨类植物、苔藓和真菌通过孢子传播蔓生。
• Spores form a lipid membrane during the process of reproducing. 孢于在生殖过程中形成类脂膜。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 预防生物武器

6 beaks   

n.鸟嘴( beak的名词复数 )；鹰钩嘴；尖鼻子；掌权者

参考例句：

• Baby cockatoos will have black eyes and soft, almost flexible beaks. 雏鸟凤头鹦鹉黑色的眼睛是柔和的，嘴几乎是灵活的。 来自互联网
• Squid beaks are often found in the stomachs of sperm whales. 经常能在抹香鲸的胃里发现鱿鱼的嘴。 来自互联网

7 foraging   

v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的现在分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西）

参考例句：

• They eke out a precarious existence foraging in rubbish dumps. 他们靠在垃圾场捡垃圾维持着朝不保夕的生活。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The campers went foraging for wood to make a fire. 露营者去搜寻柴木点火。 来自辞典例句

8 ramifications   

n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• These changes are bound to have widespread social ramifications. 这些变化注定会造成许多难以预料的社会后果。
• What are the ramifications of our decision to join the union? 我们决定加入工会会引起哪些后果呢？ 来自《简明英汉词典》