听力文摘：为什么莴苣不能被冷冻

Stroll through the frozen foods section of the supermarket and you’ll find frozen corn, peas, and beans. A Moment of Science wonders, why isn’t there any frozen lettuce¹?

你在闲逛超市的冷冻食品区的时候，会看到有冷冻玉米、冷冻豌豆和冷冻大豆。《科学一刻》栏目很好奇，为什么看不到冷冻莴苣呢？

Freezing is a relatively² easy and convenient way to preserve many vegetables because it slows down or destroys the bacteria and enzymes³ that cause spoilage⁴.

冷冻是储藏很多蔬菜的一种相对简单、便捷的方法，因为它会减慢导致食物变质的细菌和酶的增长或者杀死它们。

But, the freezing process itself can cause changes in food that can spoil the appetite.

但是，冷冻过程本身就会改变食物，从而影响食物的口感。

During freezing, the water in every cell of the vegetable freezes and forms ice crystals. As we know from our ice cube trays, water expands in volume when it is frozen.

在冷冻过程中，蔬菜的每个细胞中的水都会结冰。从制冰格我们可以知道，水在冻冰时体积会膨胀。

In frozen vegetables, the ice crystals expand and damage the wall that surrounds each cell.

对于冷冻蔬菜而言，冰晶膨胀会破坏蔬菜细胞的细胞壁

When the cell walls are damaged, the vegetable’s structure is weakened, and its texture⁵ becomes softer.

细胞壁受损时，蔬菜的结构就会变得不稳定，质地就会变软。

Some vegetables, like corn and peas, have a lot of starch⁶ in them but very little water. So they maintain their structure in spite of the cell damage.

像玉米和豌豆这样的蔬菜含有大量的淀粉但含水量却不高，因此就算是细胞壁受损，它们的结构也不会发生改变。

But, other vegetables, like lettuce and cucumbers, have a lot of water in them and more delicate cell walls.

但是像莴苣和黄瓜这类蔬菜本身水分较多，且细胞壁也更脆弱。

The ice crystals damage these vegetables so badly that they really can’t be frozen without turning into mush.

所以冰晶会对这类蔬菜造成很严重的影响，所以在没被捣碎的情况下最好不要将它们冷冻起来。

Ice crystals can reduce almost any vegetable to mush if poor freezing technique is used. Slow freezing creates larger ice crystals than fast freezing and causes more damage.

如果冷冻方法运用不当，冰晶几乎可以把任何蔬菜都变得软绵绵。慢冷冻所形成的冰晶要比快冷冻大，因而造成的损害也更多。

Repeated thawing⁷ and freezing also creates larger crystals and can turn fresh, crunchy vegetables into unappetizing, mushy goo.

反复的解冻和冷冻也会形成较大的冰晶，能够把新鲜的蔬菜变得黏黏糊糊，让人没了胃口。

Oddly enough, good freezing technique means boiling the raw vegetables for twenty seconds before quickly cooling and then freezing.

说来也奇怪，良好的冷冻方法竟然要把生蔬菜先煮沸20秒，然后快速冷却，最后再冷冻起来。

The brief boiling makes the cell walls slightly more elastic⁸.

短暂的煮沸可以使细胞壁变得更加有弹性。

1 lettuce   

n.莴苣；生菜

参考例句：

• Get some lettuce and tomatoes so I can make a salad.买些莴苣和西红柿，我好做色拉。
• The lettuce is crisp and cold.莴苣松脆爽口。

2 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

3 enzymes   

n. 酶，酵素

参考例句：

• It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。
• Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。

4 spoilage   

n.（食物等）变质，损坏

参考例句：

• He was determined to track down the cause of food spoilage.他决心查出食品腐烂的原因。
• The principal methods of avoiding spoilage are the use of pure yeast strains as starters.防止啤酒变坏的主要方法是用纯酵母菌株发酵。

5 texture   

n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理

参考例句：

• We could feel the smooth texture of silk.我们能感觉出丝绸的光滑质地。
• Her skin has a fine texture.她的皮肤细腻。

6 starch   

n.淀粉；vt.给...上浆

参考例句：

• Corn starch is used as a thickener in stews.玉米淀粉在炖煮菜肴中被用作增稠剂。
• I think there's too much starch in their diet.我看是他们的饮食里淀粉太多了。

7 thawing   

n.熔化，融化v.（气候）解冻( thaw的现在分词 )；（态度、感情等）缓和；（冰、雪及冷冻食物）溶化；软化

参考例句：

• The ice is thawing. 冰在融化。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• It had been snowing and thawing and the streets were sloppy. 天一直在下雪，雪又一直在融化，街上泥泞不堪。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹

8 elastic   

n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的

参考例句：

• Rubber is an elastic material.橡胶是一种弹性材料。
• These regulations are elastic.这些规定是有弹性的。