《英语流行话题阅读:语境识词4500》87 Football Hooliganism

　　Football Hooliganism
Football hooliganism is seen by most as disorder¹ involving football fans. Usually this involves criminal activity and in most cases occurs either at or just before or after a football match. Much football-crowd disorder is spontaneous, but a lot is prearranged by gangs (or "firms") who attach themselves to foot ball clubs and arrange to meet, and fight firms from other clubs.
Football hooliganism has been seen as first occurring in the late 1960's, and peaking in the late 1970's and mid² 1980's before calming down following the Heysel and Hillsborough disasters. However, incidents of crowd disorder at football matches have been recorded as early as the 19th Century. During a match in 1846 in Derby two troop of dragoons were called in to deal with a disorderly crowd, whilst pitch invasions became increasingly common from the 1880's onwards.
The issue of the media's coverage³ of football hooliganism is very important as it is the media that help construct the public's understanding and view of the phenomenon. Within Britain the tabloid⁴ press in particular has found hooliganism to be an easy target for the kind of sensationalist reporting that boosts their circulation. This sensationalist style of reporting often relies on powerful headlines grounded in violent imagery and war metaphors⁵ whilst articles are regularly "edited for impact". This style of reporting has developed over the past 50 years sparked by the moral panic of the 1950's at the rise of juvenile⁶ crime and delinquency. To many, the tabloids⁷' style of reporting serves to encourage hooligans and place them in the limelight. The tabloids have also been accused of helping⁸ to incite⁹ hooliganism by promoting xenophobia. For instance, prior to England's semi-final clash with Germany in Euro 1996 the Daily Mirror ran a headline of "Achtung Surrender" whilst the Sun went with "Let's Blitz Fritz". Central to this is what Stuart Hall identified as the "amplification¹⁰ spiral" that he used to illustrate¹¹ how this kind of exaggerated coverage of a problem could have the effect of worsening it. It is based around the logic¹² that if a society is concerned about a phenomenon such as football hooliganism, sensationalist reporting, as the only source of information for many, can help to create a widespread and unnecessary panic. This in turn precipitates¹³ a call for tougher control measures which when implemented¹⁴ create further confrontation¹⁵ and draw yet more people in to become involved. The tabloid press has therefore helped to amplify¹⁶ the problem and create a widespread panic over football hooliganism disproportionate to the actual extent of the problem.
It is difficult to speculate on what makes a person become involved in football-related violence because there are so many possible causational factors. It is impossible to claim that all "football hooligans" are of a certain age or class. At a basic level, most become involved because they enjoy fighting and enjoy the excitement of being involved in football riots. In addition, many are under the influence of alcohol when they become involved in crowd violence.

1 disorder   

n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调

参考例句：

• When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
• It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。

2 mid   

adj.中央的，中间的

参考例句：

• Our mid-term exam is pending.我们就要期中考试了。
• He switched over to teaching in mid-career.他在而立之年转入教学工作。

3 coverage   

n.报导，保险范围，保险额，范围，覆盖

参考例句：

• There's little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.报纸上几乎没有国外新闻报道。
• This is an insurance policy with extensive coverage.这是一项承保范围广泛的保险。

4 tabloid   

adj.轰动性的，庸俗的；n.小报，文摘

参考例句：

• He launched into a verbal assault on tabloid journalism.他口头对小报新闻进行了抨击。
• He believes that the tabloid press has behaved disgracefully.他认为小报媒体的行为不太光彩。

5 metaphors   

隐喻( metaphor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• I can only represent it to you by metaphors. 我只能用隐喻来向你描述它。
• Thus, She's an angel and He's a lion in battle are metaphors. 因此她是天使，他是雄狮都是比喻说法。

6 juvenile   

n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的

参考例句：

• For a grown man he acted in a very juvenile manner.身为成年人，他的行为举止显得十分幼稚。
• Juvenile crime is increasing at a terrifying rate.青少年犯罪正在以惊人的速度增长。

7 tabloids   

n.小报，通俗小报（版面通常比大报小一半，文章短，图片多，经常报道名人佚事）( tabloid的名词复数 )；药片

参考例句：

• The story was on the front pages of all the tabloids. 所有小报都在头版报道了这件事。
• The story made the front page in all the tabloids. 这件事成了所有小报的头版新闻。

8 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

9 incite   

v.引起，激动，煽动

参考例句：

• I wanted to point out he was a very good speaker, and could incite a crowd.我想说明他曾是一个非常出色的演讲家，非常会调动群众的情绪。
• Just a few words will incite him into action.他只需几句话一将，就会干。

10 amplification   

n.扩大，发挥

参考例句：

• The voice of despair may be weak and need amplification.绝望的呼声可能很微弱，需要扩大。
• Some of them require further amplification.其中有些内容需进一步详细阐明。

11 illustrate   

v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图

参考例句：

• The company's bank statements illustrate its success.这家公司的银行报表说明了它的成功。
• This diagram will illustrate what I mean.这个图表可说明我的意思。

12 logic   

n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性

参考例句：

• What sort of logic is that?这是什么逻辑？
• I don't follow the logic of your argument.我不明白你的论点逻辑性何在。

13 precipitates   

v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的第三人称单数 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀

参考例句：

• Water precipitates camphor from its alcoholic solution. 水能把樟脑从其酒精溶液中淀析出来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Precipitates are usually collected by centrifugation at intervals. 常常是用离心法分段收集沉淀的。 来自辞典例句

14 implemented   

v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革，经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句

15 confrontation   

n.对抗，对峙，冲突

参考例句：

• We can't risk another confrontation with the union.我们不能冒再次同工会对抗的危险。
• After years of confrontation,they finally have achieved a modus vivendi.在对抗很长时间后，他们最后达成安宁生存的非正式协议。

16 amplify   

vt.放大，增强；详述，详加解说

参考例句：

• The new manager wants to amplify the company.新经理想要扩大公司。
• Please amplify your remarks by giving us some examples.请举例详述你的话。