如何在GRE作文中避免语言偏见

 　　避免语言偏见，是GRE作文取得高分的一个重要因素。GRE考生在备考的时候，不要只注重高分词汇的积累，有些忌讳，是一定需要知道并且尽量避免的。

　　Avoid Language Bias¹

　　Suggestions for avoiding language that reinforces stereotypes² or excludes certain groups of people．

　　Sexism，Race Ethnicity，and National Origin，Age，Sexual Orientation³

　　Depersonalization of Persons with Disabilities or Illnesses

　　Patronizing or Demeaning Expressions

　　Language That Excludes or Unnecessarily Emphasizes Differences

　　Sexism

　　Sexism is the most difficult bias to avoid，in part because of the convention of using man or men and he or his to refer to people of either sex．Other，more disrespectful conventions include giving descriptions of women in terms of age and appearance while describing men in terms of accomplishment⁴．

　　Avoid This：1．mankind，man 2．man-made 3．man in the street

　　Use This Instead

　　1．human beings，humans，humankind，humanity，people，society，men and women

　　2．synthetic，artificial

　　3．average person，ordinary person

　　Using gender-neutral terms for occupations，positions，roles，etc．

　　Terms that specify⁵ a particular sex can unnecessarily perpetuate⁶ certain stereotypes when used generically⁷．

1 bias   

n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见

参考例句：

• They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
• He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。

2 stereotypes   

n.老套，模式化的见解，有老一套固定想法的人( stereotype的名词复数 )v.把…模式化，使成陈规( stereotype的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes. 这样的笑话容易渲染种族偏见。
• It makes me sick to read over such stereotypes devoid of content. 这种空洞无物的八股调，我看了就讨厌。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

3 orientation   

n.方向，目标；熟悉，适应，情况介绍

参考例句：

• Children need some orientation when they go to school.小孩子上学时需要适应。
• The traveller found his orientation with the aid of a good map.旅行者借助一幅好地图得知自己的方向。

4 accomplishment   

n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能

参考例句：

• The series of paintings is quite an accomplishment.这一系列的绘画真是了不起的成就。
• Money will be crucial to the accomplishment of our objectives.要实现我们的目标，钱是至关重要的。

5 specify   

vt.指定，详细说明

参考例句：

• We should specify a time and a place for the meeting.我们应指定会议的时间和地点。
• Please specify what you will do.请你详述一下你将做什么。

6 perpetuate   

v.使永存，使永记不忘

参考例句：

• This monument was built to perpetuate the memory of the national hero.这个纪念碑建造的意义在于纪念民族英雄永垂不朽。
• We must perpetuate the system.我们必须将此制度永久保持。

7 generically   

adv.一般地

参考例句：

• The so-called critics are generically mentioned, but not individually mentioned. 当所谓的批评提及时总是一笔带过，从不指名道姓。 来自互联网
• We market these drugs generically. 我们推广的这些药是未经注册的。 来自互联网