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英语新闻的结构特征

时间:2012-01-10 08:22来源:互联网 提供网友:时尚岛01   字体: [ ]
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    (单词翻译:双击或拖选)

   新闻的种类很多,按分类标准的不同,有各种不同的分类方法。如按照事件的性质分类,新闻可分为“硬新闻(hard news)和“软新闻”(soft news)两大类,硬新闻也就是“纯新闻消息报道”,指题材严肃,具有一定时效性的客观事实报道;软新闻是指情感味浓,写作方法诙谐,轻松幽默的社会新闻,不注重时效性。新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三大类:消息(news)、特写(features)和新闻评论(commentaries and columns)。

  新闻写作由于记者写作风格不同,文体结构无定格。但大体上说新闻文体的主体结构是由标题、导语、正文三部分组成。
  标题(headline):浓缩概括全文的中心实质问题。
  导语(1ead or introduction):通常为文章的第一段。文章的第一段提供主要话题和最主要的事实。
  正文(body):在导语的基础上,引入更多的与主题相关的事实,使之更加详实、具体,并展开评论,进而得出结论。
  在此我们以消息为例,详细分析一下它的基本结构。消息类新闻属于“硬新闻”,是广泛采用的的一种新闻体裁。消息报道中的导语十分重要,它位于第一段或第一、二段。通过它点出新闻的主题,这是消息这种新闻文体区别于其它文体的一个重要特征。五个W和一个H(When?Where?Who?What?Why?和How?)是构成一则完整的消息不可缺少的要素。直接的消息报道或纯消息报道一般采用“倒金字塔形式”(the Inverted1 Pyramid Form),其特点是按新闻报道最重要的五个W和一个H头重脚轻地安排材料,把新闻的高潮和结论放在最前面的导语里,然后以事实的重要性递减的顺序来安排(in theorder of descending2 importance)材料。
  在报纸、广播、电视等新闻媒体每天刊载和播发的新闻中,百分之九十是用倒金字塔结构写成的。对于报纸来说,倒金字塔结构的新闻有自己的优势。主要是可以使读者很快得到新闻的精华部分;在生活节奏越来越快的今天,一般读者很少把一条新闻从头到尾读完,他们可能随时放下报纸,因此,报纸有必要让读者首先读到最重要的新闻内容。
  为了帮助读者了解这种倒金字塔式结构,请见西方新闻学著作中的图表说明:
  The Inverted Pyramid Form
  Introduction containing most important or most interesting
  information导语包括最重要或最吸引人的消息
  more facts 更多的事实材料
  supporting information or background 辅助性消息或背景材料
  quotes or more facts of lesser3 importance引语或次要的事实材料
  minor4 details 细节材料
  least significant information 最不重要的消息
  为了说明“倒金字塔结构”的新闻文体特点,现举美联社2001年11月22日的一篇报道为例:
  NOVEMBER 22,19:43EST,2001
  28 Killed in Colombia Landslide5
  By JUAN PABLO TORO
  Associated Press Writer
  FILADELFIA Colom bia(AP)—Rain-softened6 walls of a condemned7 strip mine crashed down on
  scores of gold miners in western Colom- bia Thursday,killingat least 28 and leaving 40
  others missing,authorities said.
  The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnings that erosion had
  made the mine unsafe.It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rains were to
  blame for the accident.
  Survivors8 said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in Filadelfia,a small town
  120 miles west of Bogotá.The second avalanche9 buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed10 in the first avalanche.
  Rescuers shoveled11 furiously for hours in hopes of finding som- ebody alive,butonly recovered bodies.
  As night fell Thursday,national disaster chief Eduardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding anyone alive waned12 as crews prepared to suspend operations.The search was to resume Friday.
  Gonzalez said 28bodies had been recovered,and at least 40 people were missing. Thirty-two miners were reported injured and taken to hospitals.
  Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene,many of them anguished13 and weepingrelatives.
  Emergency crews from the Red Cross and
  the civil defense14 forces were using heavy machinery15 to remove the thick mud spread over
  the site.Complicating16 therecovery effort,huge pools of water had seeped17 into the site
  from a river running up to the hillside—used by the miners to rinse18 gold particles fromdirt.
  Survivors said the earth crashed down without warning on a group of about 200 people trying to scrape gold from the well-worn hill-side.The workers were toiling19 with shovels20
  and picks inside a deep hole they had carved into the hill.The cavern21 had no structural22
  supports.
  Many workers managed to scramble23 out of the way or crawl out from beneath the mud.
  Others were not so lucky.
  “We heard a very loud sound and the hill suddenly fell down upon us,”said 20-year-old Manuel Loaiza.“I was trapped up to my knees but some of the others dragged me out.”
  Loaiza said he made less than $9a day at the crude mine.His 39-year-old uncle is still missing under the mud.
  According to Julian Arboleda,an aide to Caldas State governor Luis Alfonso Arias,of- ficials ordered the mine closed several months ago.But residents thrown out of workby Colom bia's econom- ic downturn took the risk of working there anyway,Arboleda said.
  Landslides24 triggered by rains are Colombia's most common natural disaster,killing dozens of people annually25.Thursday's accident was the worst such tragedy in recent years.
  According to the government's disaster relief agency,nearly 200 people died in a poor neighborhood in the city of Medellinwhen a 1987 landslide buried their houses.Landslides buried 150 dam workers in 1983 and a rescue team sent on their behalf.
  首先要注意消息报道导语(第一段)里的“电头”(dateline)“FILADELFIA,Colombia(AP)”即“美联社发自哥伦比亚费拉达菲亚的
  消息”。美联社新闻报道的时间通常置于消息的最前面(NOVEMBER 22,19:43EST),即美国的标准时11月22日19点43分。
  第一段十分简单明了地告诉读者:星期四,哥伦比亚西部的一露天金矿由于大雨而发生坍塌,至少28人死亡,40人失踪。
  第二段增加了新的新闻事实:金矿坍塌的遇难者是贫民,虽然政府警告说由于侵蚀使采矿危险,但他们置若罔闻;金矿的坍塌可能是由于非法的开采以及近日的大雨造成的。这一段支持并扩展了导语。
  第三段是背景材料。利用事故的生还者的所见所闻讲述当时的情景:共发生了两次塌方,第二次的塌方将赶去救援的矿工也吞没。
  第四、五、六、七以及第八段均是与主要新闻事实有关的次重要材料。第四、五、七、八段讲述了来自红十字、民防组织以及各方救护人员的救援进展情况。第六段也是对导语的进一步扩展:官方宣布事故中有28人死亡,至少40人失踪;有32名矿工受伤被送往医院。
  第九、十、十一和第十二段也是背景材料,利用目击者的所见所闻进一步描述了金矿坍塌时的情景。
  第十三、十四和第十五段均是与新闻事实有关的次重要的材料:这个金矿几个月以前就关闭了,但由于经济衰退人们又重操旧业;山体滑坡是哥伦比亚最常见的自然灾害。
  通过分析我们可以看出这篇新闻报道是典型的“倒金字塔”结构,导语是一段简单清楚的叙述。随后的数段对导语进行了解释、补充和扩展,有利地支撑了导语。在导语中基本将“五个W,一个H”交代清楚。它所回答的问题分列如下:
  Who—gold miners
  What—were killed
  When—Thursday(Nov.22)
  Where—in western Colombia
  Why—the walls of mine were softened by rain
  How—(were killed)by crash
  应该说明,记者即使采用“倒金字塔结构”,也不一定在导语中全部都包括五个W和一个H,或许只有三个或四个W,另外一个或两个W出现在下面的段落里,这也是常见的。

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1 inverted 184401f335d6b8661e04dfea47b9dcd5     
adj.反向的,倒转的v.使倒置,使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • Only direct speech should go inside inverted commas. 只有直接引语应放在引号内。
  • Inverted flight is an acrobatic manoeuvre of the plane. 倒飞是飞机的一种特技动作。 来自《简明英汉词典》
2 descending descending     
n. 下行 adj. 下降的
参考例句:
  • The results are expressed in descending numerical order . 结果按数字降序列出。
  • The climbers stopped to orient themselves before descending the mountain. 登山者先停下来确定所在的位置,然后再下山。
3 lesser UpxzJL     
adj.次要的,较小的;adv.较小地,较少地
参考例句:
  • Kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
  • She has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及,但程度较轻。
4 minor e7fzR     
adj.较小(少)的,较次要的;n.辅修学科;vi.辅修
参考例句:
  • The young actor was given a minor part in the new play.年轻的男演员在这出新戏里被分派担任一个小角色。
  • I gave him a minor share of my wealth.我把小部分财产给了他。
5 landslide XxyyG     
n.(竞选中)压倒多数的选票;一面倒的胜利
参考例句:
  • Our candidate is predicated to win by a landslide.我们的候选人被预言将以绝对优势取胜。
  • An electoral landslide put the Labour Party into power in 1945.1945年工党以压倒多数的胜利当选执政。
6 softened 19151c4e3297eb1618bed6a05d92b4fe     
(使)变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 ); 缓解打击; 缓和; 安慰
参考例句:
  • His smile softened slightly. 他的微笑稍柔和了些。
  • The ice cream softened and began to melt. 冰淇淋开始变软并开始融化。
7 condemned condemned     
adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词
参考例句:
  • He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another. 他谴责了那些说一套做一套的政客的虚伪。
  • The policy has been condemned as a regressive step. 这项政策被认为是一种倒退而受到谴责。
8 survivors 02ddbdca4c6dba0b46d9d823ed2b4b62     
幸存者,残存者,生还者( survivor的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • The survivors were adrift in a lifeboat for six days. 幸存者在救生艇上漂流了六天。
  • survivors clinging to a raft 紧紧抓住救生筏的幸存者
9 avalanche 8ujzl     
n.雪崩,大量涌来
参考例句:
  • They were killed by an avalanche in the Swiss Alps.他们在瑞士阿尔卑斯山的一次雪崩中罹难。
  • Higher still the snow was ready to avalanche.在更高处积雪随时都会崩塌。
10 engulfed 52ce6eb2bc4825e9ce4b243448ffecb3     
v.吞没,包住( engulf的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • He was engulfed by a crowd of reporters. 他被一群记者团团围住。
  • The little boat was engulfed by the waves. 小船被波浪吞没了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
11 shoveled e51ace92204ed91d8925ad365fab25a3     
vt.铲,铲出(shovel的过去式与过去分词形式)
参考例句:
  • The hungry man greedily shoveled the food into his mouth. 那个饥饿的人贪婪地、大口大口地吃。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • They shoveled a path through the snow. 他们在雪中铲出一条小路。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
12 waned 8caaa77f3543242d84956fa53609f27c     
v.衰落( wane的过去式和过去分词 );(月)亏;变小;变暗淡
参考例句:
  • However,my enthusiasm waned.The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished. 然而,我的热情减退了。我在做操上花的时间逐渐减少了。 来自《用法词典》
  • The bicycle craze has waned. 自行车热已冷下去了。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
13 anguished WzezLl     
adj.极其痛苦的v.使极度痛苦(anguish的过去式)
参考例句:
  • Desmond eyed her anguished face with sympathy. 看着她痛苦的脸,德斯蒙德觉得理解。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The loss of her husband anguished her deeply. 她丈夫的死亡使她悲痛万分。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
14 defense AxbxB     
n.防御,保卫;[pl.]防务工事;辩护,答辩
参考例句:
  • The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
  • The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。
15 machinery CAdxb     
n.(总称)机械,机器;机构
参考例句:
  • Has the machinery been put up ready for the broadcast?广播器材安装完毕了吗?
  • Machinery ought to be well maintained all the time.机器应该随时注意维护。
16 complicating 53d55ae4c858e224b98a8187fa34fb04     
使复杂化( complicate的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • High spiking fever with chills is suggestive of a complicating pylephlebitis. 伴有寒战的高热,暗示合并门静脉炎。
  • In America these actions become executive puberty rites, complicating relationships that are already complicated enough. 在美国,这些行动成了行政青春期的惯例,使本来已经够复杂的关系变得更复杂了。
17 seeped 7b1463dbca7bf67e984ebe1b96df8fef     
v.(液体)渗( seep的过去式和过去分词 );渗透;渗出;漏出
参考例句:
  • The rain seeped through the roof. 雨水透过房顶渗透。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Icy air seeped in through the paper and the room became cold. 寒气透过了糊窗纸。屋里骤然冷起来。 来自汉英文学 - 家(1-26) - 家(1-26)
18 rinse BCozs     
v.用清水漂洗,用清水冲洗
参考例句:
  • Give the cup a rinse.冲洗一下杯子。
  • Don't just rinse the bottles. Wash them out carefully.别只涮涮瓶子,要仔细地洗洗里面。
19 toiling 9e6f5a89c05478ce0b1205d063d361e5     
长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 ); 艰难缓慢地移动,跋涉
参考例句:
  • The fiery orator contrasted the idle rich with the toiling working classes. 这位激昂的演说家把无所事事的富人同终日辛劳的工人阶级进行了对比。
  • She felt like a beetle toiling in the dust. She was filled with repulsion. 她觉得自己像只甲虫在地里挣扎,心中涌满愤恨。
20 shovels ff43a4c7395f1d0c2d5931bbb7a97da6     
n.铲子( shovel的名词复数 );锹;推土机、挖土机等的)铲;铲形部份v.铲子( shovel的第三人称单数 );锹;推土机、挖土机等的)铲;铲形部份
参考例句:
  • workmen with picks and shovels 手拿镐铲的工人
  • In the spring, we plunge shovels into the garden plot, turn under the dark compost. 春天,我们用铁锨翻开园子里黑油油的沃土。 来自辞典例句
21 cavern Ec2yO     
n.洞穴,大山洞
参考例句:
  • The cavern walls echoed his cries.大山洞的四壁回响着他的喊声。
  • It suddenly began to shower,and we took refuge in the cavern.天突然下起雨来,我们在一个山洞里避雨。
22 structural itXw5     
adj.构造的,组织的,建筑(用)的
参考例句:
  • The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
  • The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。
23 scramble JDwzg     
v.爬行,攀爬,杂乱蔓延,碎片,片段,废料
参考例句:
  • He broke his leg in his scramble down the wall.他爬墙摔断了腿。
  • It was a long scramble to the top of the hill.到山顶须要爬登一段长路。
24 landslides 5a0c95bd1e490515d70aff3ba74490cb     
山崩( landslide的名词复数 ); (山坡、悬崖等的)崩塌; 滑坡; (竞选中)一方选票占压倒性多数
参考例句:
  • Landslides have cut off many villages in remote areas. 滑坡使边远地区的许多村庄与外界隔绝。
  • The storm caused landslides and flooding in Savona. 风暴致使萨沃纳发生塌方和洪灾。
25 annually VzYzNO     
adv.一年一次,每年
参考例句:
  • Many migratory birds visit this lake annually.许多候鸟每年到这个湖上作短期逗留。
  • They celebrate their wedding anniversary annually.他们每年庆祝一番结婚纪念日。
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TAG标签:   英语新闻  英语新闻
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