网络争斗 如何让互联网更开放

 　　Governments and companies are engaged in a battle to determine who can do what on the internet, and the outcome will reverberate¹ around the world.

　　政府和企业正投入一场关于谁可以在互联网上做什么的战斗，其结局将在全球引起反响。

　　Google’s troubles in Europe over privacy, antitrust and the “right to be forgotten” are one example of this struggle. Multinational² companies’ tussles³ with the US National Security Agency and Britain’s GCHQ over access to user data are another.

　　在欧洲，谷歌(Google)在隐私、反垄断和“被遗忘权”(Right to be Forgotten)领域遭遇的麻烦，就是这场斗争的一个例子。跨国公司与美国国家安全局(NSA)和英国政府通信总部(GCHQ)围绕用户数据访问权的角力是另一个例子。

　　网络争斗 如何让互联网更开放

　　At the same time some democracies and companies are working together against a coalition⁴ that includes most of the world’s authoritarian⁵ regimes in a struggle over how the internet should be governed, by whom, and to what extent states should be able to replicate⁶ physical borders in cyberspace⁷. The outcomes of these clashes will affect everybody who uses the internet, determining whether it remains⁸ free and open as intended or whether we are left with a cyber space that is “Balkanised” and fragmented.

　　与此同时，一些民主国家和企业正联合反对一个包括全球大多数威权政权的联盟，中心问题是如何监管互联网、由谁监管，以及政府可在何种程度上在网络空间复制实体世界。这些冲突的结局将影响所有使用互联网的人，决定互联网是否将按照各方的初衷，保持自由和开放？抑或我们将面对一个“巴尔干化”、四分五裂的网络空间？

　　There are many reasons to work for an open, interconnected internet. It eases cross-border commerce and education, maximising economic opportunities. It enables otherwise isolated⁹ political, religious and sexual minorities to forge global alliances. The aftermath of the Arab uprisings has proved that unfettered internet access does not magically produce prosperity and pluralism – yet in the 21st century it is a precondition for spreading economic and political rights.

　　致力于一个开放且互联互通的互联网有很多理由。它将促进跨境商业和教育，最大化经济机遇。它使孤立的政治、宗教和性取向少数群体能够建立全球联盟。阿拉伯暴动的余波证明，不受约束的上网并不会奇迹般地造就繁荣和多元化，然而在21世纪，它是扩展经济和政治权利的前提条件。

　　Democracies and multinationals¹⁰ (with Google vocally¹¹ in the lead) have appointed themselves champions of a “free and open” internet, despite a widening trust deficit¹² with the public exacerbated¹³ by the revelations of Edward Snowden, the former NSA contractor¹⁴ turned whistleblower. They are working with experts and activists¹⁵ from around the world to promote what they call a “multi-stakeholder model” of internet governance and policy making. Here, business and “civil society” groups take a seat at the table on equal terms with governments to make decisions about the future of the internet.

　　民主国家和跨国企业（谷歌态度鲜明地领头）自封为“自由且开放”互联网的倡导者，尽管美国国安局前合同工爱德华?斯诺登(Edward Snowden)的爆料加剧了日益严重的公众信任缺失。它们正与全球专家和活动人士合作，推广它们所称的互联网治理和政策制定的“多方利益相关者模式”。在这种模式下，企业和“公民社会”团体平等地与政府坐在一起，就互联网的未来做出决策。

　　China and Russia lead the camp asserting the sovereignty of governments. Both have made clear that using the internet to organise¹⁶ political opposition¹⁷ is a threat to “national security”. China’s internet is in effect an “intranet” that connects with the global system only at controlled choke points. Iran is working to build a “halal” or “pure” internet. President Vladimir Putin’s Russia is moving in a similar direction.

　　中国和俄罗斯是坚持政府主权阵营的领头者。两国都明确表示，利用互联网组织政治反对活动是对“国家安全”的一种威胁。中国的互联网实际上是一种“内联网”，只是在受控的网络枢纽点与全球系统相连。伊朗正致力于建设一个“清真”的互联网。弗拉基米尔?普京(Vladimir Putin)主政的俄罗斯正朝着类似的方向前进。

　　If the “free and open” camp cannot do better to align¹⁸ words and deeds, it will lose. Further damaging revelations will emerge as long as people have reason to suspect their rights to privacy and freedom of expression are being violated.

　　如果“自由和开放”阵营无法更好做到言行一致，那么他们将失败。只要人们有理由怀疑自己的隐私权和言论自由正遭到侵犯，就会冒出更多具有破坏力的爆料。

　　For companies, the first step is to make public commitments to respect users’ rights, then implement¹⁹ those commitments in a transparent²⁰, accountable and independently verifiable manner. A grouping of democracies including the US and the UK, known as the Freedom Online Coalition, should implement policies that support a free and open global internet. These encompass²¹ greater transparency about surveillance practices, with genuinely “effective domestic oversight”.

　　对于企业而言，第一步应当是公开承诺尊重用户权利，接下来是以一种透明、可问责和可独立核实的方式落实这些承诺。包括美国和英国在内的民主国家联盟（被称为自由在线联盟(Freedom Online Coalition)）应当实施支持自由且开放的全球互联网的政策。这些政策包括利用真正“有效的国内监督”，提高监听实践的透明度。

　　Democracies’ pursuit of short-term political interests can contribute to fragmentation. Take Europe’s recent “right to be forgotten” ruling allowing citizens to request sensitive information be omitted from search results. Activists from Egypt to Hong Kong fear copycat steps in their countries will strengthen barriers to global information flows.

　　民主国家对短期政治利益的追逐可能加剧割裂。以欧洲最近的“被遗忘权”裁决为例，该裁决允许公民要求将敏感信息从搜索结果中删除。从埃及到香港，活动人士担心各自的国家效仿此举，从而加大全球信息流动的阻碍。

　　If even democracies cannot be trusted as stewards²² of an open internet, the power of all governments must be kept in check by companies and civil society through processes based in a common commitment to keep cyber space free and interconnected.

　　如果就连民主国家也不能被信赖为开放互联网的守护者，那么企业和公民社会必须通过基于保持网络空间自由且互联互通的共同承诺的过程，约束所有政府的权力。

　　But if companies are to win civil society over to their side, activists must be able to trust them not to violate their privacy or restrict speech. Strengthening trust in public and private institutions that shape the internet should be a priority for anyone with an interest – commercial, moral or personal – in keeping global networks open and free.

　　然而，如果企业要将公民社会争取到他们这边来，活动人士必须能够相信企业不会侵犯他们的隐私，也不会限制言论。加强对塑造互联网的公共和私营机构的信任，应成为有意（无论是出于商业、道德还是个人利益）保持全球互联网开放和自由的任何人的优先事项。

1 reverberate   

v.使回响，使反响

参考例句：

• The decision will reverberate and will jar the country.这项决定将引起反响并震撼这个国家。
• Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my hear.痛苦呼喊的一遍遍的在我的心中回响。

2 multinational   

adj.多国的，多种国籍的；n.多国籍公司，跨国公司

参考例句：

• The firm was taken over by a multinational consulting firm.这家公司被一个跨国咨询公司收购。
• He analyzed the relationship between multinational corporations and under-developed countries.他分析了跨国公司和不发达国家之间的关系。

3 tussles   

n.扭打，争斗( tussle的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They need no running fights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits. 它们不必奔跑着与大又凶的老鼠搏斗了，也不必跟大兔子扭斗了。 来自辞典例句
• The magazine has had a series of tussles with Asian governments. 该杂志曾与亚洲多国政府发生争执。 来自互联网

4 coalition   

n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合

参考例句：

• The several parties formed a coalition.这几个政党组成了政治联盟。
• Coalition forces take great care to avoid civilian casualties.联盟军队竭尽全力避免造成平民伤亡。

5 authoritarian   

n./adj.专制(的)，专制主义者，独裁主义者

参考例句：

• Foreign diplomats suspect him of authoritarian tendencies.各国外交官怀疑他有着独裁主义倾向。
• The authoritarian policy wasn't proved to be a success.独裁主义的政策证明并不成功。

6 replicate   

v.折叠，复制，模写；n.同样的样品；adj.转折的

参考例句：

• The DNA of chromatin must replicate before cell division.染色质DNA在细胞分裂之前必须复制。
• It is also easy to replicate,as the next subsection explains.就像下一个小节详细说明的那样，它还可以被轻易的复制。

7 cyberspace   

n.虚拟信息空间，网络空间，计算机化世界

参考例句：

• She travels in cyberspace by sending messages to friends around the world.她利用电子空间给世界各地的朋友们发送信件。
• The teens spend more time in cyberspace than in the real world of friends and family.青少年花费在电脑上的时间比他们和真正的朋友及家人在一起的时间要多。

8 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

9 isolated   

adj.与世隔绝的

参考例句：

• His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
• Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。

10 multinationals   

跨国公司( multinational的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• These local companies are only small fry compared with the huge multinationals. 同那些跨国公司比，这些当地的公司不过是小鱼小虾。
• Some people believe that the multinationals have too much power. 有人认为跨国公司的权力太大了。

11 vocally   

adv. 用声音, 用口头, 藉著声音

参考例句：

• She is not SCREAMER or MOANER - She is VOCALLY APPRECIATIVE. 她并不乱叫或发牢骚，只是用声音表示喜怒。
• The left has been vocally against. 左派力量一直竭力声讨。

12 deficit   

n.亏空，亏损；赤字，逆差

参考例句：

• The directors have reported a deficit of 2.5 million dollars.董事们报告赤字为250万美元。
• We have a great deficit this year.我们今年有很大亏损。

13 exacerbated   

v.使恶化，使加重( exacerbate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The symptoms may be exacerbated by certain drugs. 这些症状可能会因为某些药物而加重。
• The drugs they gave her only exacerbated the pain. 他们给她吃的药只是加重了她的痛楚。 来自《简明英汉词典》

14 contractor   

n.订约人，承包人，收缩肌

参考例句：

• The Tokyo contractor was asked to kick $ 6000 back as commission.那个东京的承包商被要求退还6000美元作为佣金。
• The style of house the contractor builds depends partly on the lay of the land.承包商所建房屋的式样，有几分要看地势而定。

15 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》

16 organise   

vt.组织，安排，筹办

参考例句：

• He has the ability to organise.他很有组织才能。
• It's my job to organise all the ceremonial events.由我来组织所有的仪式。

17 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

18 align   

vt.使成一线，结盟，调节；vi.成一线，结盟

参考例句：

• Align the ruler and the middle of the paper.使尺子与纸张的中部成一条直线。
• There are signs that the prime minister is aligning himself with the liberals.有迹象表明首相正在与自由党人结盟。

19 implement   

n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行

参考例句：

• Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划，除非你能完成这项计划。
• The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。

20 transparent   

adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的

参考例句：

• The water is so transparent that we can see the fishes swimming.水清澈透明，可以看到鱼儿游来游去。
• The window glass is transparent.窗玻璃是透明的。

21 encompass   

vt.围绕，包围；包含，包括；完成

参考例句：

• The course will encompass physics,chemistry and biology.课程将包括物理、化学和生物学。
• The project will encompass rural and underdeveloped areas in China.这项工程将覆盖中国的农村和不发达地区。

22 stewards   

（轮船、飞机等的）乘务员( steward的名词复数 )； （俱乐部、旅馆、工会等的）管理员； （大型活动的）组织者； （私人家中的）管家

参考例句：

• The stewards all wore armbands. 乘务员都戴了臂章。
• The stewards will inspect the course to see if racing is possible. 那些干事将检视赛马场看是否适宜比赛。