托福阅读文章常见话题概述

 　　自然科学

　　一、地质学

　　冰川类

　　1 OG：Green Icebergs¹

　　2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation

　　3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages

　　地质现象

　　1 OG：Geology and Landscape

　　2 TPO 01：Groundwater

　　3 TPO 02：Desert Formation

　　4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic² History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert

　　7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation³

　　8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy

　　9 TPO 24：Lake Water

　　二、天文学

　　火星类

　　1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars

　　2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars

　　其他行星类

　　1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System

　　2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite⁴

　　生物科学

　　一、植物学

　　1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors

　　2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants

　　4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina

　　6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary⁵ Origin of Plants二、动物学

　　动物特点

　　1 OG：Swimming Machines

　　2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock

　　5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle

　　6 TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship

　　动物变化

　　1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur⁶ Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion

　　3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs⁷

　　4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions

　　动物行为

　　1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans

　　2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings

　　3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation

　　4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统

　　1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession， Climax⁸， and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions环境特点

　　1 Sample：Electricity from Wind

　　2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources

　　3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate

　　4 TPO 18：Lightning

　　5 TPO 23：Urban Climates

　　社会科学

　　一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷

　　1 Sample：

　　Lascaux Cave Paintings

　　2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe

　　3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery⁹

　　4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

　　5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影

　　1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts

　　2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater

　　3 TPO 02：Early Cinema

　　4 TPO 03：Architecture

　　5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film

　　10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography

　　二、历史/考古学工业化介绍

　　1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization

　　2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍

　　1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping¹⁰农业发展介绍

　　1 TPO 07：Agriculture， Iron， and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture

　　3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点

　　1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece

　　3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan

　　4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems

　　5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East人口变化特点

　　1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration¹¹

　　4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos¹²

　　三、心理/生理学

　　1 OG：Aggression

　　2 OG：The Expression of Emotion

　　3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia¹³

　　4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning

　　6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory

　　7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep

　　四、社会学

　　1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching

　　2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups

　　3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising¹⁴

　　其他学科类

　　1 OG：Loie Fuller

　　2 TPO 06：William Smith

　　3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?

 

1 icebergs   

n.冰山，流冰( iceberg的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The drift of the icebergs in the sea endangers the ships. 海上冰山的漂流危及船只的安全。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The icebergs towered above them. 冰山高耸于他们上方。 来自辞典例句

2 geologic   

adj.地质的

参考例句：

• The Red Sea is a geologic continuation of the valley.红海就是一个峡谷在地质上的继续发展。
• Delineation of channels is the first step of geologic evaluation.勾划河道的轮廓是地质解译的第一步。

3 preservation   

n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持

参考例句：

• The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.警察负责维持法律与秩序。
• The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.这幅画保存得极为完好。

4 meteorite   

n.陨石；流星

参考例句：

• The meteorite in Jilin Exhibition Hall is believed to be the largest in the world.吉林展览馆的陨石被认为是世界上最大的。
• The famous Murchison meteorite smashed into the Australian ground in 1969.1969年著名的默奇森陨石轰然坠落在澳大利亚。

5 evolutionary   

adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的

参考例句：

• Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
• These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。

6 dinosaur   

n.恐龙

参考例句：

• Are you trying to tell me that David was attacked by a dinosaur?你是想要告诉我大卫被一支恐龙所攻击？
• He stared at the faithful miniature of the dinosaur.他凝视著精确的恐龙缩小模型。

7 dinosaurs   

n.恐龙( dinosaur的名词复数 )；守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西

参考例句：

• The brontosaurus was one of the largest of all dinosaurs. 雷龙是所有恐龙中最大的一种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 climax   

n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点

参考例句：

• The fifth scene was the climax of the play.第五场是全剧的高潮。
• His quarrel with his father brought matters to a climax.他与他父亲的争吵使得事态发展到了顶点。

9 pottery   

n.陶器，陶器场

参考例句：

• My sister likes to learn art pottery in her spare time.我妹妹喜欢在空余时间学习陶艺。
• The pottery was left to bake in the hot sun.陶器放在外面让炎热的太阳烘晒焙干。

10 shipping   

n.船运（发货，运输，乘船）

参考例句：

• We struck a bargain with an American shipping firm.我们和一家美国船运公司谈成了一笔生意。
• There's a shipping charge of ￡5 added to the price.价格之外另加五英镑运输费。

11 migration   

n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙

参考例句：

• Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移。
• He described the vernal migration of birds in detail.他详细地描述了鸟的春季移居。

12 pueblos   

n.印第安人村庄( pueblo的名词复数 )

参考例句：

13 amnesia   

n.健忘症，健忘

参考例句：

• People suffering from amnesia don't forget their general knowledge of objects.患健忘症的人不会忘记关于物体的一些基本知识。
• Chinese medicine experts developed a way to treat amnesia using marine materials.中国医学专家研制出用海洋物质治疗遗忘症的方法。

14 advertising   

n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的

参考例句：

• Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
• The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。