托福语法之写作中said的多重使用

 　　如果在托福写作中你已经彻底厌倦了某人said, said, said，那我们可以考虑一下其他阐述观点的表达方式。但这并不意味着人名和动词的随机排列组合，语境和语气态度在这里非常重要。下面为大家列举一些在英国大学中广泛认可的表达方式以及适用语境，参考一下可以有效地避免过度重复以及语言不准确不地道的问题。

　　Ways of Presenting Ideas and Arguments

　　引入类型

　　Types of writing

　　适用表述

　　Ways you might present this in your essay

　　1

　　当作者对自己所陈述的内容非常肯定，坚定不移时

　　When the writer is very committed, even passionate¹, about the ideas he/she writes

　　X asserts that…

　　X strongly argues that…

　　X firmly believes that…

　　X is committed to the idea that…

　　2

　　当作者引述极为具体细致的论据来论证其观点时

　　When the writer presents detailed² evidence in support of his/her ideas

　　The work of X shows that…

　　X concludes that…

　　X found that…

　　X discovered that…

　　X learned that…

　　3

　　当作者本身对其所引述或陈述的观点持谨慎保留的态度时

　　When the writer is quite cautious and restrained about the ideas he/she puts forward

　　Research by X indicates that…

　　X suggests that…

　　4

　　当作者仅凭个人经验表达观点时

　　When the writer puts forward ideas based on their personal experiences only

　　The work of X indicates that…

　　X believes that…

　　X feels that…

　　5

　　当作者引述在读者看来值得质疑的观点时

　　When the writer puts forward ideas you are rather suspicious or skeptical³ about

　　X claims that…

　　X believes that…

　　According to X…

　　6

　　当作者非常直率地陈述观点，并辅以相当显而易见且理由充分的论据支持时

　　When the writer appears to report something in a straight-forward way, backed up with apparently⁴ good reasons for the ideas presented

　　X states that…

　　X reports that…

　　X notes that…

　　X found that…

　　X observes that…

　　X concludes that…

　　As X points out, …

　　X has drawn⁵ attention to the fact that…

　　X argues that…

　　以上就是关于托福写作中可以取代said的各种用法，考生需要在托福写作中运用一些新词新说法，避免雷同单调。

1 passionate   

adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的

参考例句：

• He is said to be the most passionate man.据说他是最有激情的人。
• He is very passionate about the project.他对那个项目非常热心。

2 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。

3 skeptical   

adj.怀疑的，多疑的

参考例句：

• Others here are more skeptical about the chances for justice being done.这里的其他人更为怀疑正义能否得到伸张。
• Her look was skeptical and resigned.她的表情是将信将疑而又无可奈何。

4 apparently   

adv.显然地；表面上，似乎

参考例句：

• An apparently blind alley leads suddenly into an open space.山穷水尽，豁然开朗。
• He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊异。

5 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。