托福写作段落发展“3项基本原则”

 托福写作板块中的综合写作对于中国考生来说是一种全新的写作题型，在不到30分钟内，要读要听还要再写，可谓困难重重。 在托福写作中，通常遵循introduction- body-conclusion(引言段-主体段-结论段)的“托福写作三步曲”。Body(主体)段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇满分的雅思作文(9分)必须“presents a fully¹ developed position in answer to the question with relevant， fully extended and well supported ideas”。这里的“fully extended / well supported”，必须通过主体段来体现。

新托福满分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed， using clearly appropriate explanations， exemplifications， and/or details”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。专家建议初学者在练习议论文写作时，必须遵循理由段发展的几个简单原则，这对迅速完成理由段、构建连贯和理由充分的议论文大有帮助。这几个简单原则包括：

1. Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis² statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written， revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.

(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)

2. Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.

(支持句必须围绕主题句展开)

根据第2条的原则，我们来看看下面这个主体段：

Hobbies are important for many reasons. First， a hobby can be educational. For example，if the hobby is stamp collecting， the person can learn about the countries of the world and even some of their history. Second， engaging in a hobby can lead to meeting other people with the same interests. A person can also meet other people by going to the school. Third， a person's free time is being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into mischief³ while engaged in the hobby. Finally， some hobbies can lead to a future job. A person who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.

这段话的topic sentence很明显-“Hobbies are important for many reasons”，之后的支持句从三方面阐述hobby的重要性(first， second， third)，但段中这句话"A person can also meet other people by going the school"与hobby重要的原因没有关系，因此削弱了整个段落的连贯性与统一性，应该被去掉。

3. Add details. To write a more fully developed paragraph， you need to add details to your supporting ideas. Your details can be facts， examples， personal experiences， or descriptions.

(需要用多种方式提供细节展开段落)

根据第3条的原则，我们来看下面这个段落：

The Smithsonian Institution is worth visiting for a number of reasons. The Smithsonian Institution comprises various museums that offer something for everyone. These museums include the National Museum of History and Technology， the National Aeronautics⁴ and Space Museum， the National Collection of Fine Arts， the National Museum of Natural History，and several others. A person can do more than just look at the exhibits. For example， in the insect zoo at the National Museum of Natural History， anyone who so desires can handle some of the exhibits.

The museums provide unforgettable experiences. In climbing through the Skylab exhibit at the National Aeronautics and Space Museum， I was able to imagine what it would be like to be an astronaut in space. Movies shown at regular intervals⁵ aid in building an appreciation⁶ of our world. In the National Aeronautics and Space Museum， there is a theater that has a large screen. When the movie is shown， it gives the viewer the feeling that he or she is in the movie itself， either floating above the Earth in a hot-air balloon or hang gliding⁷ over cliffs.

这是一个成功的主题段，请注意这段话段落细节展开的几种形式-提供事实、举例、个人经历和描述。小编希望对大家备考托福写作有所帮助。

1 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

2 thesis   

n.论题，论点，论文

参考例句：

• His thesis is being finished off.他的论文快写完了。
• He argued his thesis well.他为他的论点进行了有力的辩论。

3 mischief   

n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹

参考例句：

• Nobody took notice of the mischief of the matter. 没有人注意到这件事情所带来的危害。
• He seems to intend mischief.看来他想捣蛋。

4 aeronautics   

n.航空术，航空学

参考例句：

• National Aeronautics and Space undertakings have made great progress.国家的航空航天事业有了很大的发展。
• He devoted every spare moment to aeronautics.他把他所有多余的时间用在航空学上。

5 intervals   

n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息

参考例句：

• The forecast said there would be sunny intervals and showers. 预报间晴，有阵雨。
• Meetings take place at fortnightly intervals. 每两周开一次会。

6 appreciation   

n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨

参考例句：

• I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to you all.我想对你们所有人表达我的感激和谢意。
• I'll be sending them a donation in appreciation of their help.我将送给他们一笔捐款以感谢他们的帮助。

7 gliding   

v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的

参考例句：

• Swans went gliding past. 天鹅滑行而过。
• The weather forecast has put a question mark against the chance of doing any gliding tomorrow. 天气预报对明天是否能举行滑翔表示怀疑。