托福听力的几种开头方式

 托福听力部分包括十三大听力原则，主要是根据听力的内容以及文章构架的布局。十三大听力原则能够帮助考生更快地定位听力要点，从而在短时间内，快速定位答案。下面小编为大家介绍一下。

　　第一部分：听力开头方式

　　托福听力包括对话和讲座两部分内容，对于对话和讲座的开头方式并不相同，下面分别介绍一下托福听力开头部分的方式。

　　1、对话：学生和老师或者是工作人员的先后顺序

　　1)学生先开口说：学生先开口，就会陈述问题的内容，直接进入主题;

　　2)学生未开口，老师先说一件事或一个问题;

　　3)学生来交一个材料，老师提出另外的一些问题;

　　4)学生和老师用了很短时间解决了一个学生问题，学生又问了另外的问题。

　　2、讲座：主要是教授或者老师针对一个话题展开讨论

　　1)课堂回顾式

　　2)直入主题式

　　3)背景引入式

　　4)寒暄离题式

　　第二部分：听力讲座四种开头方式

　　1)课堂回顾

　　TPO1-L3

　　OK,we've been talking about early agriculture in the near east. So let's concentrate on one site and see what we can learn from it.

　　OK.In the last class, we started talking about useful plant fibers²...Today well continue talking about useful fibers, and we'll begin with a fiber¹ that's commonly known as "Manila hemp³."

　　大家可以注意到加粗部分的内容，是针对课程或者课堂内容的回顾。课堂回顾是我们听重点的一个提示而已，我们要关注的是后边的内容，也就是“本堂课”要注意的内容。

　　课堂回顾式常见关键点：

　　时态：一般过上时或者是现在完成时、现在完成进行时

　　关键词：in the last class, today, now, talk about, but.

　　2)直入主题式

　　TPO18-L1

　　OK,today we are going to start a study of sunspot today

　　Ok,now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense⁴ mechanisms⁵.

　　直入主题的开头方式，需要考生集中精力听讲座的内容，不要错过听力的有效信息。

　　直入主题式常见关键点：

　　时态：一般现在时或者将来时

　　直入主题式常见关键词：now, want to talk about,

　　3)背景引入式

　　OG-test 2-L4

　　We've been looking at colossal⁶ statues—works of exceptionally huge size—and their essentially⁷ public role, in commemorating⁸ a political or religious figure. How some of these statues date back thousands of years... like the statues of the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt—which you can still visit today... and how others, though surviving only in legend, have fired the imagination of writers and artists right up to our own time, such as the Colossus of Rhodes, that 110-foot statue of the Greek god Helios. Remember, this same word, "colossus”一 which means a giant or larger-than-life-size statue—is what today’s term "colossal” derives⁹ from. Now, it was one thing to build such statues, at an equally colossal cost, when the funds were being allocated¹¹ by ancient kings and pharaohs. But if we're going to think about modern-day colossal statues, we need to reexamine more closely their role as social and political symbols—in order to understand why a society today—a society of free, tax-paying citizens—would agree to allocate¹⁰ so much of its resources to erecting¹² them.

　　背景引入式的开头方式，是听力讲座，尤其是学术类讲座的一个重要特点。为了引出讲座的主题，教授会在一开始的时候，先将一下相关的背景，循序渐进地带入。

　　背景引入式常见关键点：

　　时态：一般现在时或者过去式

　　4)寒暄离题式

　　TPO2-Lecture2

　　Hi,everyone. Good to see you all today. Actually, I expected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runs between 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is due. Um, I was hoping to have your exams back today, but, uh, the situation was that I went away for the weekend, and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully¹³ complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but my flight was delayed, and I ended up not getting in until one o'clock in the morning. Anyway, I," do my best to hove them finished by the next time we meet.

　　寒暄离题式的开头方式比较符合中国的传统文化，先是客套一番，然后才进入课程的主要内容或者是表达作者的观点。在遇到这类问题的时候，一定要注意分别是寒暄部分，还是课程的内容部分。

1 fiber   

n.纤维，纤维质

参考例句：

• The basic structural unit of yarn is the fiber.纤维是纱的基本结构单元。
• The material must be free of fiber clumps.这种材料必须无纤维块。

2 fibers   

光纤( fiber的名词复数 )； （织物的）质地； 纤维，纤维物质

参考例句：

• Thesolution of collagen-PVA was wet spined with the sodium sulfate as coagulant and collagen-PVA composite fibers were prepared. 在此基础上，以硫酸钠为凝固剂，对胶原-PVA共混溶液进行湿法纺丝，制备了胶原-PVA复合纤维。
• Sympathetic fibers are distributed to all regions of the heart. 交感神经纤维分布于心脏的所有部分。

3 hemp   

n.大麻；纤维

参考例句：

• The early Chinese built suspension bridges of hemp rope.古代的中国人建造过麻绳悬索桥。
• The blanket was woven from hemp and embroidered with wool.毯子是由亚麻编织，羊毛镶边的。

4 defense   

n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩

参考例句：

• The accused has the right to defense.被告人有权获得辩护。
• The war has impacted the area with military and defense workers.战争使那个地区挤满了军队和防御工程人员。

5 mechanisms   

n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 colossal   

adj.异常的，庞大的

参考例句：

• There has been a colossal waste of public money.一直存在巨大的公款浪费。
• Some of the tall buildings in that city are colossal.那座城市里的一些高层建筑很庞大。

7 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

8 commemorating   

v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He was presented with a scroll commemorating his achievements. 他被授予一幅卷轴，以表彰其所做出的成就。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The post office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers. 邮局发行了一个纪念美国著名演艺人员的系列邮票。 来自互联网

9 derives   

v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取

参考例句：

• English derives in the main from the common Germanic stock. 英语主要源于日耳曼语系。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He derives his income from freelance work. 他以自由职业获取收入。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 allocate   

vt.分配，分派；把…拨给；把…划归

参考例句：

• You must allocate the money carefully.你们必须谨慎地分配钱。
• They will allocate fund for housing.他们将拨出经费建房。

11 allocated   

adj. 分配的 动词allocate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• The Ford Foundation allocated millions of dollars for cancer research. 福特基金会拨款数百万美元用于癌症研究。
• More funds will now be allocated to charitable organizations. 现在会拨更多的资金给慈善组织。

12 erecting   

v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立

参考例句：

• Nations can restrict their foreign trade by erecting barriers to exports as well as imports. 象设置进口壁垒那样，各国可以通过设置出口壁垒来限制对外贸易。 来自辞典例句
• Could you tell me the specific lift-slab procedure for erecting buildings? 能否告之用升板法安装楼房的具体程序？ 来自互联网

13 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。