托福听力地质学中的“岩石”词汇分类

 　托福听力中，地质学是一门重要的学科，由于高中课堂中很少涉及相关知识，今天关于岩石的分类做一下简单的介绍。

　　岩石(rock)一般分为三大类：

　　(一)火成岩(igneous rock)是指岩浆冷却后(地壳里喷出的岩浆，或者被融化的现存岩石)，成形的一种岩石。

　　常见的火成岩有：

　　花岗岩 granite¹: a very hard grey rock, often used in building

　　玄武岩 basalt: a type of black rock produced by volcanoes

　　黑曜石 obsidian²: a type of rock that looks like black glass

　　浮石 pumice: very light grey rock from a volcano

　　granite        basalt      obsidian     pumice

　　托福TPO真题链接：

　　Dating was used to establish that half of the sandstone in the samples was formed at the same time the granite in the Appalachian Mountains was formed. TPO-1

　　(二)沉积岩(sedimentary rock)是在地表不太深的地方，将其他岩石的风化产物和一些火山喷发物，经过水流或冰川的搬运、沉积、成岩作用形成的岩石。

　　常见的沉积岩有：

　　煤 coal: a combustible³ black or brownish-black sedimentary rock

　　砂石 sandstone: a type of soft yellow or red rock

　　石灰石 limestone⁴: a type of rock that contains calcium⁵

　　页岩 shale⁶: a smooth soft rock which breaks easily into thin flat pieces

　　石膏 gypsum: a soft white substance

　　白云石 dolomite: a kind of sedimentary rock

　　coal sandstone limestone shale gypsum dolomite

　　托福TPO真题链接：

　　It was formed from sandstone that solidified⁷ somewhere between 150 and 300 million years ago. TPO-1

　　Another difference, very important today for distinguishing between older lake beds and newer ones, is the location of the limestone formations. TPO-9

　　(三)变质岩(metamorphic rock)是指受到地球内部力量(温度、压力、应力的变化、化学成分等)改造而成的新型岩石。固态的岩石在地球内部的压力和温度作用下，发生物质成分的迁移和重结晶，形成新的矿物组合。

　　常见的变质岩有：

　　大理石 marble: a type of hard rock that becomes smooth when it is polished

　　石英石 quartzite: hard metamorphic rock consisting essentially⁹ of interlocking quartz⁸ crystals

　　板岩 slate¹⁰: a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces

　　片麻岩 gneiss: a laminated rock similar to granite

　　marble quartzite slate gneiss

　　托福TPO真题链接：

　　Then they shipped these plastic casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated¹¹ in marble or bronze. TPO-18

1 granite   

adj.花岗岩，花岗石

参考例句：

• They squared a block of granite.他们把一块花岗岩加工成四方形。
• The granite overlies the older rocks.花岗岩躺在磨损的岩石上面。

2 obsidian   

n.黑曜石

参考例句：

• Obsidian is sacred to the Maoris.黑曜石是毛利人的神圣之物。
• Once you have enough obsidian,activate the idols.一旦你有足够的黑曜石，激活神像。

3 combustible   

a. 易燃的,可燃的; n. 易燃物,可燃物

参考例句：

• Don't smoke near combustible materials. 别在易燃的材料附近吸烟。
• We mustn't take combustible goods aboard. 我们不可带易燃品上车。

4 limestone   

n.石灰石

参考例句：

• Limestone is often used in building construction.石灰岩常用于建筑。
• Cement is made from limestone.水泥是由石灰石制成的。

5 calcium   

n.钙(化学符号Ca)

参考例句：

• We need calcium to make bones.我们需要钙来壮骨。
• Calcium is found most abundantly in milk.奶含钙最丰富。

6 shale   

n.页岩，泥板岩

参考例句：

• We can extract oil from shale.我们可以从页岩中提取石油。
• Most of the rock in this mountain is shale.这座山上大部分的岩石都是页岩。

7 solidified   

（使）成为固体，（使）变硬，（使）变得坚固( solidify的过去式和过去分词 )； 使团结一致； 充实，巩固； 具体化

参考例句：

• Her attitudes solidified through privilege and habit. 由于特权和习惯使然，她的看法变得越来越难以改变。
• When threatened, he fires spheres of solidified air from his launcher! 当危险来临，他就会发射它的弹药！

8 quartz   

n.石英

参考例句：

• There is a great deal quartz in those mountains.那些山里蕴藏着大量石英。
• The quartz watch keeps good time.石英表走时准。

9 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

10 slate   

n.板岩，石板，石片，石板色，候选人名单；adj.暗蓝灰色的，含板岩的；vt.用石板覆盖，痛打，提名，预订

参考例句：

• The nominating committee laid its slate before the board.提名委员会把候选人名单提交全体委员会讨论。
• What kind of job uses stained wood and slate? 什么工作会接触木头污浊和石板呢？

11 replicated   

复制( replicate的过去式和过去分词 )； 重复； 再造； 再生

参考例句：

• Later outplant the seedlings in a replicated permanent test plantation. 以后苗木出圃栽植成重复的永久性试验林。
• The phage has replicated and the donor cells have lysed. 噬菌体已复制和给体细胞已发生裂解。