英语语法：过去完成体用法

 　　完成体是动词的一种形式，表示动作或状态已经完成，结构是：主动词have的不同时态+-ed分词。可以分为现在完成体和过去完成体。现在完成体大家比较熟悉了，那么今天小编就和大家一起学习我们不太熟悉的过去完成体~

　　过去完成体，顾名思义，就是表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生或完成的动作，也就是我们所说的“过去的过去”。因此，它有“已完成”用法和“未完成”用法。结构为：had¹+-ed分词。

　　一、“已完成”：表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经完成或结束。

　　I had finished² my homework when my friends came³.我朋友来的时候，我就已经完成家庭作业了。

　　My father had left for Beijing before I came home. 在我到家前，爸爸已经离开去北京了。

　　二、“未完成”：表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。

　　Jack⁴ said⁵ that he had made⁶ much progress⁷ in English since⁸ he came here.

　　杰克说自从他到这儿以后，英语已经取得了很大进步。

　　By six o’clock these workers had worked twelve hours. 到六点钟时，这些工人已经工作十二小时了。

　　三、连词引导过去完成体用法：有些连词引导的过去完成时可互换。

　　When I reached¹⁰ the station, the train had already¹¹ left.

　　=I reached the station after the train had left.

　　=I didn’t reach⁹ the station until¹² the train had left.

　　=The train had left before I reached the station.

　　在我到车站时，火车已经走了。

　　四、过去完成体的虚拟用法：表示与过去事态相反的主观设想。

　　1. 用于if, if only, as¹³ if引导的分句：

　　If you had worked hard, you would¹⁴ have passed the exam¹⁵. 如果你努力学习的话，你就已经通过考试了。

　　If I were you, I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。

　　If only I had finished it before. 要是我之前完成了这件事就好了。

　　I felt as if I had been a bird in the sky.我感觉自己好似天空一只小鸟。

　　2. 用于I wish, I would rather¹⁶引导的that从句：

　　I wished that I had knew the answer to the question before he asked me. 我希望在他问我以前，我知道问题的答案。

　　I would rather you had told me the truth¹⁷. 我宁愿你跟我说实话。

　　3. 用于expect¹⁸, think, intend¹⁹, mean, want, suppose等表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。

　　I had intended²⁰ to buy a present for you, but I forgot²¹ that. 我本打算给你买礼物的，但我忘了。

　　I had hoped²² that we could²³ pass the exam, but we failed²⁴ in the end. 我本希望我们都能通过考试，但最终我们失败了。

　　因此，由上可知，比起现在完成体，过去完成体用法复杂，且具体“虚拟”的特殊用法，需要我们在平时使用中加以注意。

1 had   

vbl.have的过去式和过去分词；conj.有

参考例句：

• I just had a good idea!我有个好主意！
• The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。

2 finished   

adj.完成的，精湛的；v.动词finish的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• We finished up everything there was on the table. 我们把桌上的东西全吃完了。
• We can certainly have the job finished on time.我们肯定能按时完成任务。

3 came   

v.动词come的过去式

参考例句：

• I was surprised why he came here so early.他为什么那么早到这里，我很惊奇。
• The doctor came in time to save his life.医生及时来抢救他的生命。

4 jack   

n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克

参考例句：

• I am looking for the headphone jack.我正在找寻头戴式耳机插孔。
• He lifted the car with a jack to change the flat tyre.他用千斤顶把车顶起来换下瘪轮胎。

5 said   

v.动词say的过去式、过去分词

参考例句：

• He said to me that he could not come.他对我说他不能来。
• He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。

6 made   

v.make的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• They were not made in china.它们不是中国制造的。
• The monkey made a long arm for the peach.猴子伸臂去摘桃子。

7 progress   

n.进步，发展，前进；v.促进，进步，进行

参考例句：

• Study well and make progress every day.好好学习，天天向上。
• He is very pleased with the progress we are making.他对我们工作的进展很满意。

8 since   

adv.后来；conj.既然，因为，自从；prep.自从

参考例句：

• He's been working in a bank since leaving school.自从毕业后，他就一直在一家银行工作。
• I have known him ever since I was a child.我自孩提时代起就已经认识他了。

9 reach   

n.延伸，范围，河段；vt.到达，伸出，延伸，取得联系；vi.延伸

参考例句：

• The railway line will soon reach to our town. 铁路不久就要延伸到我们镇了。
• Can you reach that apple down in the tree? 你能把树上那个苹果摘下来吗？

10 reached   

v.到达( reach的过去式和过去分词 )；联络；伸出手臂，延伸

参考例句：

• An amicable settlement was reached. 已达成和解。
• After much hard bargaining we reached an agreement. 经过一番艰难的讨价还价，我们达成了协议。

11 already   

adv.已经

参考例句：

• We have eaten already.我们已经吃过了。
• I've been there already,so I don't want to go again.我早已去过那里了，所以我不想再去了。

12 until   

prep.直到...为止；conj.直到...时才...

参考例句：

• He arrived home until midnight.他直到半夜才到家。
• She didn't sleep until midnight.她直到半夜才睡。

13 as   

conj.按照；如同

参考例句：

• He got work in a hotel as a waiter.他在一家旅馆找到了当服务生的工作。
• In the hotel,the old men were drinking away as usual.在旅馆里，这些老人和往常一样喝个不停。

14 would   

aux.will的过去式；愿，要；常常；大概；将要，会

参考例句：

• Why would you say that?为什么你会这么说？
• Would you please help me?你能帮帮我吗？

15 exam   

n.(=examination)检查；考试

参考例句：

• I hope to pass this exam.我希望通过这次考试。
• His exam results were good.他的测验成绩不错。

16 rather   

adv.宁愿，宁可；相当

参考例句：

• I would rather go out tonight,if you don't mind. 如果你不介意的话，我宁愿今晚出去。
• This book is rather too easy for this boy.这本书对于这个孩子来说太简单。

17 truth   

n.真理；真相，事实，实际情况

参考例句：

• We must find out the truth of the matter.我们必须弄清楚事情的真相。
• You may trust me that I'm speaking the truth.你可以相信我在说实话。

18 expect   

vt.预期，期待，料想

参考例句：

• Don't expect me to run after you all your life.别指望我伺候你一辈子。
• Don't expect too much of his idea.不要对他的主意期望过高。

19 intend   

vt.想要，打算；打算使…为；意指，意思是

参考例句：

• How long do you intend to stay with the firm?你准备在公司干多久？
• He did not intend paying the bill.他不打算付账。

20 intended   

adj.有意的；预期的n.已订婚者v.打算(intend的过去式和过去分词)；意指

参考例句：

• The books were intended for the edification of the masses. 这些书旨在教化民众。
• They intended to invest hugely in new technology. 他们打算在新技术方面投入大量资金。

21 forgot   

v.动词forget的过去式，忘记，遗漏，轻忽

参考例句：

• The boy forgot where he put his textbook.那男孩忘记把课本放在什么地方了。
• I forgot how to do it.我忘记怎样做了。

22 hoped   

v.希望，期望( hope的过去式和过去分词 )；[俚语]相信，认为；希望，盼望，期待

参考例句：

• He hoped they would not feel affronted if they were not invited . 他希望如果他们没有获得邀请也不要感到受辱。
• They hoped to enlist the help of the public in solving the crime. 他们希望寻求公众协助破案。

23 could   

v.能，可能(can的过去式)；aux.v.(can的过去式)能；可以

参考例句：

• Could I open the window?我可以打开窗子吗？
• I could wait ten minutes.我可以等十分钟。

24 failed   

adj.失败了的，不成功的v.在…中失败( fail的过去式和过去分词 )；衰退；衰弱；破产

参考例句：

• The plan was brilliant in its conception but failed because of lack of money. 尽管这计划构想绝妙，但终因资金不足而告流产。
• The child was killed when a car failed to stop at the crossing. 汽车在人行横道线未能停车，结果把小孩撞死了。