VOA慢速英语--Grammar and US Presidential Elections: Part Two

Grammar and US Presidential Elections: Part Two

When politicians give speeches, they talk about any number of things, such as their beliefs, personal history, or opinions on major issues.

Politicians have to be careful about how they present their ideas. They want to direct the attention of individual listeners or larger audiences toward important ideas and words. But they also try to limit or avoid unnecessary information.

How do they do this?

One way is to put together sentences in a reasonable way.

In an earlier Everyday Grammar program, we explored how politicians sometimes use deliberate sentence fragments for a rhetorical effect.

Today, we explore another strategy politicians often use to present ideas: sentence cohesion¹.

What is cohesion?

The word cohesion suggests the action of making something whole. In writing, this means presenting sentences that are related to each other in a reasonable, or logical, way. When sentences are cohesive², they slowly build on an idea until it reaches a clear point.

Consider this example. Imagine you are reading the following sentences.

"I go to work early every day. Classic films are my favorite. English is a fun, if difficult, language to learn."

This short paragraph is not cohesive. How do you know?

The ideas are not connected to each other.

The first sentence talks about a custom – something the writer or speaker is doing every day. The second is about a personal preference. The third expressed an opinion about the English language.

The example is difficult to read because there is no logical continuation between ideas; instead, a different idea is raised in each sentence.

Lack of cohesion can cause the reader or listener to stop paying attention.

Politicians have to avoid this mistake at all costs. They may have to deal with different issues, but they cannot spend too much time on any subject because they might lose their audience.

So, what does cohesion look like?

We can look to the American election campaign for examples of sentence cohesion.

The main candidates for president – Donald Trump³ and Hillary Clinton – have used cohesion to develop and present ideas.

Consider these examples

Here is Trump accepting the presidential nomination⁴ of the Republican Party.

"Then there’s my mother, Mary. She was strong, but also warm and fair-minded. She was a truly great mother. She was also one of the most honest and charitable people that I have ever known, and a great, great judge of character. "

And here is Hillary Clinton accepting the Democratic Party's nomination:

"My mother, Dorothy, was abandoned by her parents as a young girl. She ended up on her own at 14, working as a house maid. She was saved by the kindness of others."

Both candidates use cohesion to make their points.

Clinton uses a similar idea in her statement. She said:

“My mother, Dorothy, was abandoned by her parents as a young girl.

She ended up on her own at 14, working as a house maid.

She was saved by the kindness of others.”

Here, Clinton uses a similar idea to begin her sentences. She introduces her mother, Dorothy, in the first sentence and then provides more information about her in the following sentences.

The final sentence, "She was saved by the kindness of others." is especially important.

Hillary Clinton could have said "The kindness of others saved my mother."

Why did she say it the way she did?

Using the passive voice enabled Clinton to use the pronoun "she" at the beginning of the sentence. This means that the sentences look and sound the same; they begin with "she."

Consider Trump's statement. He speaks about his mother, Mary, and then uses the pronoun "she" when talking about her in later sentences.

This is one example of cohesion: writing a topic sentence and then repeating the subject in every sentence of the paragraph. This makes it clear that you are receiving more information about the same subject.

Both Clinton and Trump used a similar grammatical structure. The beginning of each sentence presents "known" information – the pronoun "she" - and the end of each sentence presents new information.

Grammar expert Martha Kolln had a name for this structure. She called it the "known-new" contract. In other words, English speakers generally present known information in the beginning of a sentence and new information at the end of a sentence.

What is the rhetorical effect of this grammatical structure?

Here is one possible answer: Both presidential candidates are able to show voters that they are more than just politicians. They are normal people, too.

By giving personal information about their families, they hope to show that they can relate to voters. In other words, the candidates want to show that they share values – a great respect for family – that many voters like to see in political candidates.

What can you do?

So, how can you develop sentence cohesion?

You can start by examining the structures from the speeches of Clinton and Trump. Try to describe your mother in your own words. But be sure to use the same structure that they did!

My mother, ________, was ____________.

She ___________ .

She ___________.

Words in This Story

concise⁵ – n. not including extra or unnecessary information

deliberate sentence fragment – n. grammar an incomplete sentence usually consisting of a verb or noun phrase

rhetorical – adj. of, relating to, or concerned with the art of speaking or writing formally and effectively especially as a way to persuade or influence people

cohesion – n. a condition in which people or things are closely united

audience – n. a group of people who gather together to listen to something (such as a concert) or watch something

preference – n. a feeling of liking⁶ or wanting one person or thing more than another person or thing

charitable – adj. showing kindness in talking about or judging other people

character – n. the way someone thinks, feels, and behaves :someone's personality

abandon – v. to leave and never return to (someone who needs protection or help)

maid – n. a female servant

topic – n. someone or something that people talk or write about

introduce – v. to make (someone) known to someone else by name

passive – adj. grammar showing that the subject of a sentence is acted on or affected⁷ by the verb

grammatical – adj. of or relating to grammar

1 cohesion   

n.团结，凝结力

参考例句：

• I had to bring some cohesion into the company.我得使整个公司恢复凝聚力。
• The power of culture is deeply rooted in the vitality,creativity and cohesion of a nation. 文化的力量，深深熔铸在民族的生命力、创造力和凝聚力之中。

2 cohesive   

adj.有粘着力的；有结合力的；凝聚性的

参考例句：

• She sealed the parcel with cohesive tape.她用粘胶带把包裹封起来。
• The author skillfully fuses these fragments into a cohesive whole.作者将这些片断巧妙地结合成一个连贯的整体。

3 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

4 nomination   

n.提名，任命，提名权

参考例句：

• John is favourite to get the nomination for club president.约翰最有希望被提名为俱乐部主席。
• Few people pronounced for his nomination.很少人表示赞成他的提名。

5 concise   

adj.简洁的，简明的

参考例句：

• The explanation in this dictionary is concise and to the point.这部词典里的释义简明扼要。
• I gave a concise answer about this.我对于此事给了一个简要的答复。

6 liking   

n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢

参考例句：

• The word palate also means taste or liking.Palate这个词也有“口味”或“嗜好”的意思。
• I must admit I have no liking for exaggeration.我必须承认我不喜欢夸大其词。

7 affected   

adj.不自然的，假装的

参考例句：

• She showed an affected interest in our subject.她假装对我们的课题感到兴趣。
• His manners are affected.他的态度不自然。