VOA慢速英语2020 美国大选选举观察员的历史和作用

Republican Party activists¹ are urging supporters across the United States to closely watch early voting sites and ballot² drop boxes in the weeks before elections next month.

共和党积极分子正督促美国各地的支持者在下个月大选的前几周密切关注早期投票点和投票箱。

The party's effort expands on the traditional duties of election observers.

该党的这一措施扩大了选举观察员的传统职责。

The custom of "poll watching" may take on new meaning this year with an increase in mail-in voting because of the COVID-19 health crisis. At the same time, President Donald Trump³ claims that mail voting can lead to cheating. Trump is seeking re-election as the Republican candidate.

由于新冠肺炎健康危机，今年“选举监督”的传统可能会随着邮寄投票的增加而具有新的含义。同时，川普总统声称邮寄投票会导致作弊。川普作为共和党候选人正谋求连任。

What is poll watching?

什么是选举监督？

Poll watchers have been part of U.S. elections dating back to the 18th century. Their activities are controlled by state laws and local rules. Members of both major political parties keep an eye on the voting - and each other - to make sure things go smoothly⁴.

选举观察员从18世纪起一直是美国大选的一部分。他们的活动受到了各州和地方法规的控制。两大主要政党的成员都密切关注投票，并各自确保选举顺利进行。

State laws call observers inside polling stations different things. States also may ask them to do different things. In some areas, poll "watchers" are different from "challengers," who can point out people they suspect are not legal voters. In other states, poll watchers also do the challenging.

州法律称投票站内的观察员不同寻常。各州也可能会要求他们做不同的事情。在一些地区，选举观察员和挑战者不同，后者可以指认他们怀疑的人士不是合法选民。在其它州，选举观察员也进行挑战工作。

Other rules set limits on how close party supporters can stand outside polling stations.

还有规定对党派支持者可以站到投票站外多远设置了限制。

What are the rules?

都有什么规定？

Rules on who can "watch" voting, and the powers given to these observers, differ from state to state. In Pennsylvania, for example, poll watchers can observe the election - checking turnout and voting machines -- and also challenge voters by taking their concerns to election officials. However, the challengers generally are barred from talking directly with voters, or from making baseless claims that slow down voting.

谁可以监督选举的规定以及赋予这些观察员的权力因州而异。在宾夕法尼亚州，选举观察员可以监督选举，检查投票人数和投票机，并通过向选举官员提出疑问来挑战选民。但是，这些挑战者通常不能跟选民直接交谈，或是提出毫无根据的主张从而拖慢投票速度。

Requirements for poll watchers also differ. They usually are supposed to be registered voters. In some states, they must be approved before the vote by election officials. The state of North Carolina requires that poll workers be of "good moral character."

对选举观察员的要求也有所不同。他们通常应该是注册选民。在某些州，他们必须在投票前得到选举官员的批准。北卡罗莱纳州要求选举观察员必须具有“良好品格。”

Observers also are permitted by law in states that hold elections mostly by mail. In Oregon, for example, the law says parties and candidates can sponsor observers to watch election workers open ballots⁵ and count them. But these observers must behave in a way that "will not interfere⁶ with an orderly procedure."

在主要通过邮寄举行大选的州，法律也允许观察员的存在。例如俄勒冈州法律规定，政党和候选人可以资助观察员，让他们监督选举工作人员的开票和计票。但是这些观察员的行事方式不得干扰有序的程序。

Supporters of parties and candidates may stand outside polling stations with signs and other political advertising⁷, an activity known as "electioneering." But laws governing these activities also differ from one state to the next. Generally, these supporters must keep a distance from the entrance.

政党和候选人的支持者可以携带标语和其它政治广告站到投票站外，这项活动被称为竞选。但是各州对这类活动的管理规定也各有不同。通常，这些支持者必须与投票站入口保持一定距离。

Are guns permitted?

是否允许携枪？

In a year in which protesters and armed militias⁸ clashed, some voting rights activists fear a return of armed groups showing up outside polling stations.

在示威者和武装民兵发生冲突的那年，有些投票权活动人士担心武装组织会出现在投票站外。

In some states, including Pennsylvania, Michigan, North Carolina, Wisconsin and Virginia, people can carry guns openly in public. There are no laws in those states directly barring people from carrying weapons into polling stations.

在某些州，包括宾夕法尼亚州、密歇根州、北卡罗莱纳州、威斯康辛州和弗吉尼亚州，人们可以在公共场合公开携枪。这些州并无法律禁止人们携带武器进入投票站。

Yet state and federal laws make it illegal for anyone to try to intimidate⁹ voters.

然而州和联邦法律规定，任何人企图恐吓选民都是违法的。

Voting rights organizations say they will have thousands of lawyers ready to intervene with local officials or seek court orders to stop such activity.

投票权组织表示，他们将会有数万名律师准备与地方官员交涉，或寻求法院命令以阻止这类活动。

1 activists   

n.（政治活动的）积极分子，活动家( activist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• His research work was attacked by animal rights activists . 他的研究受到了动物权益维护者的抨击。
• Party activists with lower middle class pedigrees are numerous. 党的激进分子中有很多出身于中产阶级下层。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 ballot   

n.（不记名）投票，投票总数，投票权；vi.投票

参考例句：

• The members have demanded a ballot.会员们要求投票表决。
• The union said they will ballot members on whether to strike.工会称他们将要求会员投票表决是否罢工。

3 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

4 smoothly   

adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地

参考例句：

• The workmen are very cooperative,so the work goes on smoothly.工人们十分合作，所以工作进展顺利。
• Just change one or two words and the sentence will read smoothly.这句话只要动一两个字就顺了。

5 ballots   

n.投票表决( ballot的名词复数 )；选举；选票；投票总数v.（使）投票表决( ballot的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• They're counting the ballots. 他们正在计算选票。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The news of rigged ballots has rubbed off much of the shine of their election victory. 他们操纵选票的消息使他们在选举中获得的胜利大为减色。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 interfere   

v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰

参考例句：

• If we interfere, it may do more harm than good.如果我们干预的话，可能弊多利少。
• When others interfere in the affair,it always makes troubles. 别人一卷入这一事件，棘手的事情就来了。

7 advertising   

n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的

参考例句：

• Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
• The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。

8 militias   

n.民兵组织，民兵( militia的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The troops will not attempt to disarm the warring militias. 部队并不打算解除战斗中的民兵武装。 来自辞典例句
• The neighborhood was a battleground for Shiite and Sunni militias. 那里曾是什叶派和逊尼派武装分子的战场。 来自互联网

9 intimidate   

vt.恐吓，威胁

参考例句：

• You think you can intimidate people into doing what you want?你以为你可以威胁别人做任何事？
• The first strike capacity is intended mainly to intimidate adversary.第一次攻击的武力主要是用来吓阻敌方的。