VOA慢速英语--2019年近400万公顷的树木覆盖消失

Forest Loss Increased in 2019 to Third-Largest This Century

A football field every six seconds...

That is how fast the world lost mature tropical forests in 2019.

The information comes Global Forest Watch, a project of the World Resources Institute, a nonprofit research organization.

Satellite imagery shows nearly four million hectares of tree cover disappeared. That is an increase from last year and the third-largest loss of tree cover this century.

Some experts find hopefulness within the bad news, however.

While Brazil's forest loss has grown under President Jair Bolsonaro, policies to fight deforestation seem to be working in other areas, such as Indonesia, Colombia and West Africa.

The destruction of mature tropical forests is a massive hit to biodiversity. It also is responsible for about eight percent of the world's carbon dioxide emissions². That information comes from the World Resources Institute (WRI).

Since forests take in huge amounts of carbon dioxide, stopping their loss is critical to fighting climate change.

The United Nations set a goal of ending deforestation by 2020, but Frances Seymour says, "We seem to be going in the wrong direction."

Seymour is with WRI.

Brazil's reversal

Based on satellite images studied by WRI and the University of Maryland, Brazil alone lost 1.4 million hectares of mature forest in 2019. That is more than one-third of the world total and nearly three times more than the Democratic Republic of Congo, the country with the next-largest loss.

Not counting record-breaking forest fires in 2016 and 2017, the losses in Brazil are the largest since 2006.

Until recently, Brazil had offered a reason to be hopeful. Environmental policies slowed deforestation rates from 2004 to 2015 under former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

Robert Heilmayr calls those slowing rates "one of the greatest conservation successes" in hundreds of years. Heilmayr is with the University of California, Santa Barbara, and was not involved with the WRI research. He is an environmental economics assistant professor at the university.

Heilmayr said that Brazil's former conservation effort gave rise to hope that policies which worked in one area could work in others, and "we are going to see an end to deforestation."

But the latest findings show "we still have a long ways to go," he said.

Bolsonaro called for development in the Amazon rainforest and has pulled back enforcement of environmental laws. His administration supports a law that would expand mining operations to the protected lands of native communities. It supports laws that environmental groups say would legalize land seizures³.

Indonesia's surprise

But in Indonesia, the loss of mature forests decreased in 2019 for the third straight year.

"I'm continuing to be pleasantly surprised that there's a decrease" in Indonesia, said Greg Asner, who also was not involved in the WRI research. Asner is director of the Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science at Arizona State University.

While Indonesia lost the third-largest area of mature forest after Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo, that represented the country's smallest loss since the early 2000s.

Indonesia has made permanent a 2011 temporary ban to logging and land-clearing for palm oil plantations⁴. These farms had been a major cause of deforestation. The government has increased fire prevention and enforcement of existing forest laws.

Colombia also had a sharp drop in the loss of primary forest in 2019, after two years of increases. Deforestation had risen sharply after a peace agreement ended years of civil war and freed up land formerly⁵ occupied by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia.

The country has set both deforestation and reforestation goals. And it has sent the police and military to fight deforestation in its national parks.

It is not clear if such changes will continue. Global Forest Watch's early-warning system has found an increase in warnings this year.

Chocolate cuts its losses

More possible good news comes from West Africa. Ivory Coast and Ghana were the two countries with the largest increase in mature forest loss in 2018. Both lessened⁶ those losses by 50 percent last year.

Chocolate manufacturers have promised to reduce deforestation for cocoa, a major crop in West Africa. And West African governments have signed forest carbon deals with the World Bank.

These programs may be responsible, but WRI says it is too soon to tell if the effects will last.

The cooperation of palm oil companies has been a big part of Indonesia's decrease in deforestation, noted⁷ the University of California's Robert Heilmayr. He added that when we see government and international markets working together to prevent further deforestation, "that's where we generally see the biggest success."

WRI's Frances Seymour added that the 2019 records support what they already know: "If governments put into place good policies and enforce the law, forest loss goes down." But if governments ease restrictions⁸, forest loss goes up, Seymour added.

She is concerned that the coronavirus health crisis could push world forest losses up this year. She said poverty and lack of enforcement drove up deforestation after the financial crisis in the late 1990s.

And with attention turned to other things, Heilmayr worries that governments may enable more land seizures and agricultural expansion and "may turn away from enforcing laws that already exist."

I'm Alice Bryant.

Words in This Story

mature tropical forest - n. a tropical forest that is neither young nor old-growth, has a closed canopy⁹ and grows close to the equator

biodiversity - n. the existence of many different kinds of plants and animals in an environment

emission¹ - n. the production and discharge of something, especially gas (such as carbon dioxide) or radiation

conservation - n. the protection of animals, plants, and natural resources

straight - adj. in a row (as it relates to years)

logging - n. the activity or business of felling trees and cutting and preparing the timber

primary forest - n. a mature natural humid tropical forest that has not been completely cleared and regrown in recent history

chocolate - n. a food that is made from cacao beans and that is eaten as candy or used as a flavoring ingredient in other sweet foods

1 emission   

n.发出物，散发物；发出，散发

参考例句：

• Rigorous measures will be taken to reduce the total pollutant emission.采取严格有力措施，降低污染物排放总量。
• Finally,the way to effectively control particulate emission is pointed out.最后，指出有效降低颗粒排放的方向。

2 emissions   

排放物( emission的名词复数 )； 散发物（尤指气体）

参考例句：

• Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions. 大多数科学家都相信气候变化与排放的含碳气体有关。
• Dangerous emissions radiate from plutonium. 危险的辐射物从钚放散出来。

3 seizures   

n.起获( seizure的名词复数 )；没收；充公；起获的赃物

参考例句：

• Seizures of illicit drugs have increased by 30% this year. 今年违禁药品的扣押增长了30%。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Other causes of unconsciousness predisposing to aspiration lung abscess are convulsive seizures. 造成吸入性肺脓肿昏迷的其他原因，有惊厥发作。 来自辞典例句

4 plantations   

n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Soon great plantations, supported by slave labor, made some families very wealthy. 不久之后出现了依靠奴隶劳动的大庄园，使一些家庭成了富豪。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• Winterborne's contract was completed, and the plantations were deserted. 维恩特波恩的合同完成后，那片林地变得荒废了。 来自辞典例句

5 formerly   

adv.从前，以前

参考例句：

• We now enjoy these comforts of which formerly we had only heard.我们现在享受到了过去只是听说过的那些舒适条件。
• This boat was formerly used on the rivers of China.这船从前航行在中国内河里。

6 lessened   

减少的，减弱的

参考例句：

• Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat. 演讲辞通过翻译的嘴说出来，多少削弱了演讲的力量。
• The flight to suburbia lessened the number of middle-class families living within the city. 随着迁往郊外的风行，住在城内的中产家庭减少了。

7 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。

8 restrictions   

约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则）

参考例句：

• I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
• a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制

9 canopy   

n.天篷，遮篷

参考例句：

• The trees formed a leafy canopy above their heads.树木在他们头顶上空形成了一个枝叶茂盛的遮篷。
• They lay down under a canopy of stars.他们躺在繁星点点的天幕下。