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William McKinley: Imperial
VOA Learning English presents America's Presidents.
Today we are talking about William McKinley. He took office in 1897 and was re-elected in 1900. He led the United States into the 20th century.
One way to think of McKinley is as a transition president. In the 1800s, lawmakers were mostly concerned with how the country was growing in North America.
But during McKinley's government, the U.S. looked beyond its borders. Congress declared war on Spain, the first time the U.S. had fought a European power since the War of 1812 against Britain.
The U.S. also took control of overseas territories, annexed2 Hawaii, and tried to regulate the world's trade with China.
Some historians say President McKinley himself wanted the U.S. to increase its international influence. Others argue that he was just answering the country's mood at the time.
Either way, his presidency3 is often defined by the country's rise as an imperial power.
Early life
McKinley was the sixth president to come from the state of Ohio. He was the seventh of eight children. Historians describe his childhood as loving and fun.
His father owned a small iron factory. His mother raised her children to be honest and polite.
McKinley was a hard-working student. He briefly4 attended Allegheny College in Pennsylvania, but he did not have the money to finish his education there.
A few years after leaving that school, he volunteered for the Army on the side of the Union in the Civil War. He served under a man who would later become president himself, Rutherford B. Hayes. The two stayed close throughout their lives.
After the war ended, McKinley studied law, became involved in Republican Party politics, married, and had two daughters.
His wife, Ida, was an energetic, well-educated young woman from a wealthy family. For a while, she had worked in her father's bank.
But Ida McKinley's health began to suffer. She was struck by seizures5. Then her mother died. A few months later, her younger daughter died while still an infant. Ida McKinley clung to her older daughter, but the little girl soon developed a fever disease, and she died, too.
William and Ida McKinley were never the same. Ida McKinley remained sick her entire life. She spent most of her hours in a small rocking chair sewing.
William McKinley paid great attention to her. He organized his schedule to spend time near her, even as his political success grew.
In time, McKinley served in Congress and as the governor of Ohio. He was known as a likable person and a skilled politician.
His Republican Party nominated him on the first ballot6 at their convention. A few months later, voters elected McKinley into office in a landslide7. He became the country's 25th president.
Presidency
When McKinley took office, the U.S. was just coming out of a severe economic depression.
His government quickly approved a high protective tariff8 to help struggling workers. In general, his administration also permitted the growth of big business.
But most of McKinley's attention as president was devoted9 to foreign policy. The main issue was Cuba.
At that time, Spain controlled the island. Cubans revolted, and Spanish forces used violence and detainments to crush the rebellion.
In the U.S., many Americans denounced the events in Cuba. They wanted McKinley and his government to intervene.
At first, President McKinley was unwilling10. He tried to use diplomacy11. He even ordered a U.S. ship into Spanish waters near Havana to show his continued support of Spain.
But the ship, called the Maine, exploded. Americans believed the Spanish were responsible. Relations between the two countries worsened fast. Spain declared war. The U.S. Congress answered in kind.
For 100 days, U.S. and Spanish forces fought in Cuba and other areas under Spanish control.
The war quickly turned in the Americans' favor. When the Spanish-American War ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1898, the U.S. took control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spain. Cuba was made independent; however, the U.S. continued to occupy the island for several more years.
Not everyone approved of the actions of McKinley's government. Even some members of Congress warned against the U.S. becoming an imperial power.
But a majority of voters approved of McKinley as a victorious12 commander-in-chief. They also noted13 that the U.S. economy was getting stronger. In 1900, McKinley won re-election.
As it turned out, McKinley's second term in office was short.
In September, only six months after his swearing-in, the president was receiving visitors at a fair in the city of Buffalo15, New York.
One of the visitors in line was a 28-year-old man named Leon Czolgosz. His family was from Poland, but he lived in the city of Detroit, Michigan. He had worked in a factory, but at the time was unemployed16. He supported the idea of anarchy17 – no government at all.
When McKinley reached to shake the young man's hand, Czolgosz shot the president twice in the stomach.
Although injured, McKinley spoke18 to his guards. He told them not to hurt the shooter. And, he expressed concern about how his wife would feel when she learned he had been shot.
Quickly, McKinley was taken to a hospital. Doctors predicted that he would survive. And, for a few days, McKinley seemed to improve.
But the wound became infected, and eight days after the attack McKinley died.
The president's murderer did not say he was sorry for his act. He defended it, saying McKinley was an enemy of working people.
Within a few weeks of the shooting, Czolgosz was tried, found guilty, and executed.
Both the nation and the world mourned when McKinley died. He had been one of the country's most popular presidents in many years.
He left behind the beginning of what some called an American empire. He also marked a change in the U.S. presidency.
When he first took office in the 19th century, most presidents acted primarily as administrators20.
But President McKinley began to act in ways that are more like a modern president. He prepared remarks to give to the media. He traveled across the country speaking to voters. He used the power of his office to direct the armed forces.
McKinley laid the groundwork, but he did not completely change the presidency. He left that to the even more famous man who followed him into the White House.
After McKinley's death, his vice21 president, Theodore Roosevelt, took office and truly brought the country into modern times.
Words in This Story
transition - n. a change from one state or condition to another
annex1 - v. to add an area to a country : to take control of a place
mood - n. an attitude or feeling shared by many people
imperial - adj. of or relating to an empire or an emperor
clung - v. tried very hard to keep something that you are in danger of losing
landslide - n. election in which the winner gets a much greater number of votes than the loser
in kind - adj. in a way that is equal or very similar to what someone else has done to or for you
anarchy - n. a situation in which the people in a country are not controlled by rules or laws
empire - n. a group of countries or regions that are controlled by one ruler or one government
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annex
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| vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物 | |
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annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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seizures
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| n.起获( seizure的名词复数 )；没收；充公；起获的赃物 | |
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ballot
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| n.（不记名）投票，投票总数，投票权；vi.投票 | |
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landslide
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| n.(竞选中)压倒多数的选票；一面倒的胜利 | |
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tariff
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| n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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unemployed
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| adj.失业的，没有工作的；未动用的，闲置的 | |
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anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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legacy
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| n.遗产，遗赠；先人(或过去)留下的东西 | |
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administrators
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| n.管理者( administrator的名词复数 )；有管理（或行政）才能的人；（由遗嘱检验法庭指定的）遗产管理人；奉派暂管主教教区的牧师 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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