美国第五大河流--格兰德河

                     11 美国第五大河流--格兰德河
DATE=3-7-01
TITLE=EXPLORATIONS#1942 - Rio Grande, Part 2
BYLINE=Oliver Chanler VOICE ONE:

This is Shirley Griffith.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English program, (1)EXPLORATIONS. Today, we finish the story of one of the most important rivers in the United States, the Rio Grande. The river flows from the mountains of (2)Colorado south to the Gulf¹ of Mexico. It forms the border between the United States and Mexico for two thousand kilometers.
VOICE ONE:
By the early Fifteen-Hundreds Spanish (3)explorers arrived in the southwest of what is now the United States. They moved up the Rio Grande looking for gold and (4)treasure. They found none. The native Pueblo² Indians of New Mexico were friendly until they were treated badly by the Spanish. Then the Indians pushed the (5)invaders out. But the Spanish returned in Sixteen-Ninety-Three. After some fighting, they finally made peace with the (6)Pueblo Indians.
More and more settlers arrived and (7)established new towns along the Rio Grande. Soon people from other countries began arriving. They came from France, England, and, by the end of the Seventeen Hundreds, from the newly³ formed United States to the east.
VOICE TWO:
By the early Nineteenth Century, Americans had begun settling in the Rio Grande area, especially in the (8)territory of Texas, east of New Mexico. The Spanish government in the American southwest began to lose (9)control as Spain became less powerful in Europe.
Soon more and more people settling near the Rio Grande began to think of themselves as Americans. In Eighteen-Twelve, the Mexican territory of Texas (10)rebelled and declared itself an (11)independent (12)republic. Spain (13)regained control of Texas, but the seeds of (14)revolution had been planted. In Eighteen Twenty-One, Spain withdrew⁴ from the Americas.
VOICE ONE:
A new age was beginning in North America. Two young nations, the United States and Mexico, would now decide their own futures⁵ and the future of the Rio Grande area. One of the most important questions facing the two countries was who would control Texas.
That was not an easy (15)decision to make. In Eighteen-Twenty-Three, the Mexican government agreed to permit a group of Americans to live in Texas. (16)Mexico said the Americans, led by Stephen Austin, could stay there (17)permanently.
More Americans settled in Texas. Many people wanted to make Texas a part of the United States. At the same time, more (18)Mexicans wanted to push all Americans out of Texas.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
South of the Rio Grande, there were three revolutions in Mexico's first eight years of (19)independence. North of the river, Americans were more and more unhappy with Mexican rule. In Eighteen-Thirty-Two, Stephen Austin went to Mexico City to ask that Texas become a (20)separate Mexican state.
At this time, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was (21)struggling to gain control of Mexico and become its ruler. He faced a number of (22)rebellions in different parts of the country. (23)General Santa Anna told Stephen Austin he would make Texas a separate Mexican state. Yet events were moving in another (24)direction.
VOICE ONE:
In Texas, demands for change became demands for independence from Mexico. This led to an (25)invasion across the Rio Grande of thousands of soldiers led by General Santa Anna. He planned to quickly (26)crush the rebellion⁶. As Santa Anna moved his army into Texas in Eighteen-Thirty-Six, a group of Texans signed a document (27)declaring Texas an independent nation.
To answer this, General Santa Anna led a strong attack against a group of rebels⁷ near the city of San Antonio. The place they attacked was called The Alamo. There were one-hundred-twenty-eight men in the building defending it against the many thousands of soldiers in Santa Anna's army. After many days of fighting, the Mexican army broke through the (28)defenses of the Alamo and killed everyone inside.
VOICE TWO:
Santa Anna and his army began a march across Texas. They (29)burned towns and (30)villages. They (31)chased the small army of Texans but were unable to catch them. The Mexican soldiers were tired. The (32)Texans attacked, shouting "Remember the Alamo". There was a fierce battle. Only forty Mexican soldiers escaped. All the others were killed, wounded or captured⁹. General Santa Anna was among those captured.
General Santa Anna met with Texas (33)leader, General Sam Houston. The Mexican leader agreed that in return for his (34)freedom Texas would become independent from Mexico. He agreed that the Rio Grande would be the border between Texas and Mexico. General Santa Anna went home to Mexico City. The new Republic of Texas looked to the (35)future.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE ONE:
The future was not all good. (36)President Santa Anna declared war on Texas eight years after his defeat by the Texan army. However, he never carried out his threat of war. He was removed from office. And the next year, Eighteen-Forty-Five, the United States government invited Texas to become a state.
This was not acceptable¹⁰ to Mexico. War began. In Eighteen-Forty-Six, Mexican soldiers (37)crossed the Rio Grande. The Americans quickly defeated the invading¹¹ army and began moving into Mexico, toward¹² Mexico City. Other American soldiers began moving west into New Mexico. The government in Santa Fe quickly (38)surrendered¹³.
VOICE TWO:
In February Eighteen-Forty-Eight, Mexico surrendered to the American army. The Treaty¹⁴ of Guadelupe Hidalgo (39)declared the border between the United States and Mexico to be along the Rio Grande and then west to the Pacific Ocean. The new land belonging to the United States included New Mexico, Arizona and Upper California. For all this territory, the United States paid Mexico fifteen-million dollars.
Becoming a part of the United States (40)presented both political and social problems for Texas. The state of Texas permitted slavery. (41)Governor Sam Houston opposed joining the Confederate states that also permitted slavery and were seeking to separate from the United States. He was removed from office. Texas joined the southern states in the Civil War. After the northern forces won the long war and the country united, Texas was re-admitted as a state.
At this time, the expanding population of the Rio Grande country faced other problems. (42)Criminals from both sides of the Rio Grande attacked the people. Also, Indian tribes¹⁵ such as the Apache and Comanche resisted the spread of white (43)settlers into their lands. The settlers were destroying the Indians' way of life. The Indians attacked and killed many white settlers. By Eighteen Seventy Four, government troops had forced many Indian tribes out of their traditional lands.
VOICE ONE:
The United States army also was ordered to take action to stop criminal activities along the Rio Grande. It was given permission to chase⁸ criminals across the river into Mexico. Also, the army acted to stop Indian attacks.
Over time, fighting ended in the Rio Grande Valley and the surrounding territory. The United States and Mexico developed friendly relations.
Yet tensions¹⁶ continue along the border between the two countries today. One problem is illegal immigrants¹⁷. The other is (44)illegal drugs. No one knows for sure how many people cross the border from Mexico to the United States. Officials have (45)estimated that the number is in the millions. The illegal immigrants come from Mexico, and from Central and South America. Most come to the United States for economic or political reasons. A few come to sell illegal drugs. Many of the illegal drugs in the United States are transported across the border.
VOICE TWO:
The river itself can create problems too. The Rio Grande flows where it wants to flow. Dams, (46)canals and other man-made devices¹⁸ cannot always control it.
Most of the water from the upper Rio Grande does not flow into the (47)Gulf of Mexico. Almost all of the water is completely used for agriculture and by cities and towns along the upper part of the river.
VOICE ONE:
Down the river, many springs and several other rivers flow into the Rio Grande, renewing¹⁹ the water supply. Two major dams create electric power and provide water for agriculture and other needs of people living along the lower part of the river. Yet man-made controls do not prevent changes in the path the river takes in many places. Some changes make it difficult to know exactly where the border is between the United States and Mexico. The great river, the Rio Grande, continues to flow across the land and through the history of two countries.
((THEME))
VOICE TWO:
This Special English program was written by Oliver Chanler and produced by Paul Thompson. This is Steve Ember.
VOICE ONE:
And this is Shirley Griffith. Listen again next week for another EXPLORATIONS program on the Voice of America.

(1) 　　exploration[ 7eksplC:5reiFEn ]n.探险, 踏勘, 探测, [医](伤处等的)探查, 探察术
(2) 　　Colorado[ 7kClE5rB:dEu ]美国科罗拉多州(位于美国西部)
(3) explorer[ iks5plC:rE, eks- ][计]Windows资源管理器n.探险家, 探测者, 探测器
(4) treasure[ 5treVE ]n.财宝, 财富, 珍品, 财产vt.珍爱, 珍惜, 储藏, 珍藏
(5) invader[ in5veidE ]n.侵略者
(6) Pueblo[ pju:5eblEu ]普韦布洛(美国科罗拉多州中部一城市)
(7) 　　establish [ is5tAbliF ]vt.建立, 设立, 安置, 使定居, 使人民接受, 确定v.建立
(8) 　　territory[ 5teritEri ]n.领土, 版图, 地域
(9) control[kEn5trol]n.控制, 支配, 管理, 调节, 抑制, 控制器, 调节装置vt.控制, 支配, 管理
(10) rebelrebel[ 5rebEl ]n.造反者, 叛逆者, 反抗者, 叛乱者adj.造反的, 叛逆的,
(11) independent[ indi5pendEnt ]n.中立派, 无党派者adj.独立自主的, 不受约束的
(12) republic[ ri5pQblik ]n.共和国, 共和政体adj.共和的
(13) regain[ ri5^ein ]v.收回, 恢复, 重到, 重新夺得
(14) revolution[ 7revE5lu:FEn ]n.革命, 旋转
(15) decision[ di5siVEn ]n.决定, 决心, 决议, 结果, 果断, 坚定
(16) Mexico[5meksIkEJ]n.墨西哥(拉丁美洲国家)
(17) permanently[5p:mEntlI]adv.永存地, 不变地
(18) Mexican[5meksIkEn]adj.墨西哥的n.墨西哥人
(19) independence[ 7indi5pendEns ]n.独立, 自主
(20) separate[ 5sepEreit ]adj.分开的, 分离的, 个别的, 单独的v.分开, 隔离, 分散, 分别
(21) struggling[ 5strQ^liN ]adj.奋斗的, 努力的, 苦斗的
(22) rebellion[ ri5beljEn ]n.谋反, 叛乱, 反抗, 不服从
(23) general[ 5dVenErEl ]n.普通, 将军, 概要adj.一般的, 普通的, 综合的, 概括的,
(24) direction[ di5rekFEn, dai5rekFEn ]n.方向, 指导, 趋势, (常用复数)指示, 用法
(25) invasion[ in5veiVEn ]n.入侵
(26) crush[ krQF ]vt.压碎, 碾碎, 压服, 压垮, 粉碎, (使)变形
(27) declare[ di5klZE ]vt.断言, 宣称, 宣布, 宣告, 声明, (向海关)中报进口应纳税之货物
(28) defense[ di5fens ]n.(D-)(美国)国防部, 防卫, 防卫物vt.谋划抵御
(29) burn[ bE:n ]v.烧, 烧焦, 点(灯), 使感觉烧热n.烧伤, 灼伤
(30) village[ 5vilidV ]n.乡村, 村庄adj.村庄的
(31) chase[ tFeis ]n.追赶, 追击vt.追赶, 追逐, 雕镂
(32) Texan[ 5teksEn ]adj.德克萨斯(人)的
(33) leader[ 5li:dE ]n.领导者, 社论n.[计]前导字符n.[机]导杆
(34) freedom[ 5fri:dEm ]n.自由, 自主, 直率, 特权
(35) future[ 5fju:tFE ]n.未来, 将来, 前途, 远景adj.未来的, 将来的
(36) president[ 5prezidEnt ]n.总统, 会长, 校长, 行长
(37) cross[ krCs ] n.十字, 交叉, 十字架, 十字形物adj.交叉的, 相反的, 乖戾的v.使交叉,
(38) surrender[ sE5rendE ]vt.交出, 放弃, 使投降, 听任vi.投降, 自首n.交出, 放弃,
(39) declare[ di5klZE ]vt.断言, 宣称, 宣布, 宣告, 声明, (向海关)中报进口应纳税之货物
(40) present[ pri5zent ]n.赠品, 礼物, 现在, 瞄准adj.现在的, 出席的, 当面的vt.介绍, 引见,
(41) governor[ 5^QvEnE ]n.统治者, 管理者, 地方长官, 主管人员
(42) criminal[ 5kriminl ]n.罪犯, 犯罪者adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的
(43) settler[ 5setlE ]n.移民者, 殖民者, [律]财产赠予者, 托管财产者
(44) illegal[ i5li:^El ]adj.违法的, 不合规定的
(45) estimate[ 5estimeit ]v.估计, 估价, 评估n.估计, 估价, 评估
(46) canal[ kE5nAl ]n.运河, 小道, 导管, 槽, 沟渠vt.开运河
(47) gulf[ ^Qlf ]n.海湾, 深渊, 漩涡, 隔阂vt.吞没, 使深深卷入

1 gulf   

n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂

参考例句：

• The gulf between the two leaders cannot be bridged.两位领导人之间的鸿沟难以跨越。
• There is a gulf between the two cities.这两座城市间有个海湾。

2 pueblo   

n.（美国西南部或墨西哥等）印第安人的村庄

参考例句：

• For over 2,000 years,Pueblo peoples occupied a vast region of the south-western United States.在长达2，000多年的时间里，印第安人统治着现在美国西南部的大片土地。
• The cross memorializes the Spanish victims of the 1680 revolt,when the region's Pueblo Indians rose up in violent protest against their mistreatment and burned the cit

3 newly   

adv.新近，最近；重新，再度；以新的方式

参考例句：

• Have you reviewed for this newly published novel?你给这本新出版的小说写书评了吗？
• It is a newly planted tree and it has not established yet.这是一颗新栽的树，还没有扎下根来。

4 withdrew   

v.取[收]回( withdraw的过去式 )；（使）撤退[出]；提；收回

参考例句：

• She withdrew to confer with her advisers before announcing a decision. 她先去请教顾问然后再宣布决定。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She quickly withdrew her hand from the hot iron. 她很快地将手从火烫的熨斗上缩了回来。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 futures   

n.期货，期货交易

参考例句：

• He continued his operations in cotton futures.他继续进行棉花期货交易。
• Cotton futures are selling at high prices.棉花期货交易的卖价是很高的。

6 rebellion   

n.造反，叛乱，反抗

参考例句：

• The next year they rose up in rebellion.第二年他们就揭竿起义了。
• The new government quickly suppressed the rebellion.新政府迅速把叛乱镇压下去。

7 rebels   

n.反政府的人( rebel的名词复数 )；反叛者；造反者；叛逆者v.反抗政府( rebel的第三人称单数 )；反抗权威

参考例句：

• Most of the rebels were captured and disarmed. 大部分叛乱分子被俘获并解除了武装。
• The rebels went on an orgy of killing. 叛乱者肆意杀人。

8 chase   

vt.追逐，追赶，追求；n.追赶

参考例句：

• The police grabbed the robbers after a long chase.警察经过长距离追赶后逮住了抢劫犯。
• Would you chase me if I did?如果我逃开了，你会来追吗？

9 captured   

俘获( capture的过去式和过去分词 )； 夺取； 夺得； 引起（注意、想像、兴趣）

参考例句：

• Allied troops captured over 300 enemy soldiers. 盟军俘虏了300多名敌方士兵。
• Most of the rebels were captured and disarmed. 大部分叛乱分子被俘获并解除了武装。

10 acceptable   

adj.可接受的，合意的，受欢迎的

参考例句：

• The terms of the contract are acceptable to us.我们认为这个合同的条件可以接受。
• Air pollution in the city had reached four times the acceptable levels.这座城市的空气污染程度曾高达可接受标准的四倍。

11 invading   

v.侵入，侵略( invade的现在分词 )；涌入；侵袭；侵犯

参考例句：

• The invading troops were guilty of rape and pillage. 侵略军犯了抢劫和强奸的罪。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The invading army desecrated this holy place when they camped here. 侵略军在这块圣地上扎营就是对这块圣地的亵渎。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 toward   

prep.对于，关于，接近，将近，向，朝

参考例句：

• Suddenly I saw a tall figure approaching toward the policeman.突然间我看到一个高大的身影朝警察靠近。
• Upon seeing her,I smiled and ran toward her. 看到她我笑了，并跑了过去。

13 surrendered   

n.电子放单；Telex releasedv.投降( surrender的过去式和过去分词 )；放弃，抛弃

参考例句：

• The bandit chief surrendered himself to despair and took his own life. 匪首在绝望中自杀了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• She gradually surrendered her dream of becoming an actress. 她渐渐放弃了当演员的梦想。 来自《简明英汉词典》

14 treaty   

n.条约；协议，协定

参考例句：

• Hungary has indicated its readiness to sign the treaty.匈牙利已表示愿意签订该条约。
• I believe this treaty will pave the way to peace in Europe. 我相信这个条约将为欧洲的和平铺平道路。

15 tribes   

n.部落( tribe的名词复数 )；（动、植物的）族；（一）帮；大群

参考例句：

• tribes living in remote areas of the Amazonian rainforest 居住在亚马孙河雨林偏远地区的部落
• In Africa the snake is still sacred with many tribes. 非洲许多部落仍认为蛇是不可冒犯的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

16 tensions   

（情绪上的）紧张( tension的名词复数 )； 张力； 紧张的状态； （作家或电影导演制造的）紧张气氛

参考例句：

• Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis. 最近的政治危机显示了社会关系的紧张。
• These disagreements are symptomatic of the tensions within the party. 出现意见分歧表明该党内部的关系紧张。

17 immigrants   

n.移民( immigrant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Illegal immigrants were given the opportunity to regularize their position. 非法移民得到了使其身份合法化的机会。
• Immigrants from all over the world populate this city. 这个城市里生活着来自世界各地的移民。 来自《简明英汉词典》

18 devices   

n.设备；装置( device的名词复数 )；花招；（为实现某种目的的）计划；手段

参考例句：

• electrical labour-saving devices around the home 节省劳力的各种家用电器
• modern labour-saving devices such as washing machines and dishwashers 诸如洗衣机和洗碗机之类的现代化省力设备

19 renewing   

（使）复原， （使）更新，赋予新的生命和活力( renew的现在分词 )； 重新开始； 继续； 补充

参考例句：

• He feels his youth renewing. 他觉得越活越年轻了。
• A lot of the cost of maintenance went into renewing brakes. 很多的维修费用都花在了更换刹车方面。