科学家发出警告 基因技术或将成为新型兴奋剂

 　　Doping scandals marred¹ the runup to the Rio Olympics and other games of the recent past. Now, scientists warn that cheating could rise to a new level using genetic³ research.

　　兴奋剂丑闻给里约奥运会和最近的其他比赛蒙上了一层阴影。现在，科学家警告称，如果使用基因技术，作弊将上升到一个新的高度。

　　There are already a number of products and methods used to boost athletic⁴ performance that the International Olympic Committee considers to be illegal.

　　目前国际奥委会已经认定很多用来提高运动员成绩的产品和手段是非法的了。

　　For example, there's a hormone⁵ that can boost red blood cell production, making more oxygen available. That increases endurance. Then there are anabolic steroids and human growth hormone, which promote muscle growth.

　　例如，有一种激素可以促进红细胞生长，制造更多氧气。这样就可以提高耐力。还有可以促进肌肉生长的同化性类固醇和人类生长激素。

　　There are a couple of types of blood doping. One involves a transfusion⁶ of the athlete's own blood that had been removed earlier and stored.

　　还有两种血液兴奋剂。一种是运动员提前把自己的血液抽出并储存起来，赛前再输回去；

　　The second method uses blood from another person, but of the same type as the athlete's blood. Both methods raise the number of red blood cells that carry oxygen.

　　另一种是使用相同血型的其他人的血液。这两种方法都能够提高血液中红细胞的数量。

　　科学家发出警告 基因技术或将成为新型兴奋剂

　　Carl Johan Sundberg, a professor of molecular⁷ exercise physiology⁸ at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm and a member of the World Anti-Doping Agency's gene² doping panel, said scientists have gotten pretty good at detecting doping substances, as long as there's not too much time between doping and testing.

　　瑞典斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡医学院分子运动生理学教授、也是世界反兴奋剂机构基因兴奋剂小组成员卡尔·乔安·桑德伯格表示，科学家们已经很好地掌握了检测药物成分的方法，只要服药时间和检测时间不要间隔太久。

　　"The illegal substances used fade out over — depending on the type of drug — days, weeks or months," he said.

　　“运动员体内的的非法药物含量“依药物种类而定--会随着时间减少，可能是几天，也可能是几周、几个月。”他说道。

　　"But with the new techniques and the new discoveries of long-term metabolites, metabolic⁹ steroids, weeks have become months.

　　“但是随着技术手段的发达和长效代谢类固醇的问世，这个时间还会延长。

　　So the chance of detection has gone up a lot, which is why retesting recently of samples from the London and Beijing Olympic Games has shown that there's a higher prevalence of doping usage than was assumed with the previous testing methodologies."

　　所以检测的机会提升了很多，这就是为什么伦敦奥运会和北京奥运会之间进行的重新检测，检出的药物使用率非常之高，比用传统技术手段检测高得多。”

　　The next phase of cheating, however, may involve gene doping, which Sundberg defined as "the administration of nucleic acids of some sort — mainly DNA¹⁰ or other types of similar molecules¹¹ — that are put into the body normally in health care for the purpose of gene therapy to treat specific disorders¹²."

　　桑德伯格认为，下一阶段的作弊可能会是基因层面的用药，用他的话说就是“控制一些核酸——比如脱氧核糖核酸和具有相似分子的核酸——这种手段本来是作为基因疗法用来治疗一些紊乱的。”

　　But athletes, he said, would be seeking "to boost certain genes¹³ that may improve performance. We don't know yet whether this has been done anywhere, but presumably, nevertheless, it will be used sometime."

　　但是他表示，运动员们可能会刺激一些可以帮助提高成绩的基因。我们不知道有没有过这种做法，但是无论如何，这种方法早晚都会出现的。

　　Sundberg warned that there are health risks to athletes who use gene doping. For instance, there can be adverse¹⁴ effects on the immune system from the virus that carries the artificial genes through the body.

　　桑德伯格警告称，使用基因兴奋剂的运动员可能会有健康风险。例如，免疫系统会产生副作用，病毒会随着人造基因游走全身。

　　Those genes also could cause cancer because of an enhanced growth of cells.

　　因为细胞的异常生长，这些基因还可能引发癌症。

1 marred   

adj. 被损毁, 污损的

参考例句：

• The game was marred by the behaviour of drunken fans. 喝醉了的球迷行为不轨，把比赛给搅了。
• Bad diction marred the effectiveness of his speech. 措词不当影响了他演说的效果。

2 gene   

n.遗传因子，基因

参考例句：

• A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
• The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。

3 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

4 athletic   

adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的

参考例句：

• This area has been marked off for athletic practice.这块地方被划出来供体育训练之用。
• He is an athletic star.他是一个运动明星。

5 hormone   

n.荷尔蒙，激素，内分泌

参考例句：

• Hormone implants are used as growth boosters.激素植入物被用作生长辅助剂。
• This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body.这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。

6 transfusion   

n.输血，输液

参考例句：

• She soon came to her senses after a blood transfusion.输血后不久她就苏醒了。
• The doctor kept him alive by a blood transfusion.医生靠输血使他仍然活着。

7 molecular   

adj.分子的；克分子的

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms.这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。
• For the pressure to become zero, molecular bombardment must cease.当压强趋近于零时，分子的碰撞就停止了。

8 physiology   

n.生理学，生理机能

参考例句：

• He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。

9 metabolic   

adj.新陈代谢的

参考例句：

• Impressive metabolic alternations have been undergone during embryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。
• A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。

10 DNA   

(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸

参考例句：

• DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
• Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。

11 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

12 disorders   

n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调

参考例句：

• Reports of anorexia and other eating disorders are on the increase. 据报告，厌食症和其他饮食方面的功能紊乱发生率正在不断增长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The announcement led to violent civil disorders. 这项宣布引起剧烈的骚乱。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

14 adverse   

adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的

参考例句：

• He is adverse to going abroad.他反对出国。
• The improper use of medicine could lead to severe adverse reactions.用药不当会产生严重的不良反应。