2020年经济学人 巴托比职场专栏--评级制度对工人的影响(2)

Manufacturing workers have long faced these kind of numerical targets, as well as the need to clock in and out of work. The big change is that similar metrics and rating systems are spreading to more and more parts of the economy. Academics get rated by students; nurses may be judged on a “behaviourally anchored rating scale” which assesses how much empathy they showed to patients.

长期以来，制造业工人一直面临着这样的数字目标，以及打卡上下班的需要。最大的变化是，类似的指标和评级体系正蔓延到越来越多的经济领域。学者由学生评分；护士可以通过“行为锚定法”来判断，该法评估护士对病人表现出的同理心程度。

Ratings are at the heart of the gig economy, where workers are connected with employers and customers via the internet. Just as TripAdvisor ratings allow holidaymakers to assess hotels, Uber drivers get a score out of ?ve. The same goes for ratings on services like TaskRabbit (for odd jobs) and Etsy (for arts-and-crafts sellers).

评级是零工经济的核心，在零工经济中，员工通过互联网与雇主和客户联系在一起。就像猫途鹰的评级允许度假者对酒店进行评估一样，优步司机的评分是5分。跑腿兔（提供临时工作）和易集(在线销售手工艺品)等服务的评级也是如此。

Such systems are understandable in parts of the economy where output is di?cult¹ to measure precisely². But they can be arbitrary. People might give an Uber driver a poor rating because they are in a bad mood or because they encountered unexpected tra?c disruption (the drivers themselves also rate customers, which is meant to discourage abuse).

在经济产出难以精确衡量的领域，这样的体系是可以理解的。但形式并非单一不变。人们可能会因为优步司机心情不好或遇到意外的交通中断而给他差评（司机们自己也会给顾客打分，这是为了防止滥用）。

The result can be increased insecurity for gig-economy workers. Their income is uncertain when they are at the mercy of the assessment³ system. Even a tiny fall in their rating—of, say, 0.6—can harm their job prospects⁴. A detailed⁵ study* of 65 gig-economy workers found that they relished⁶ their independence but it came with a host of personal, social and economic anxieties.

结果可能会增加临时雇员的不安全感。当收入受评估系统支配时，收入是不确定的。即使评分稍微下降一点，比如说0.6分，也会影响就业前景。一项针对65名临时雇员的详细研究发现，他们很享受自己的独立性，但同时也伴随着大量的个人、社会和经济焦虑。

Even full-time⁷ workers may ?nd themselves dependent on their score in one category or another. Businesses want to avoid accusations⁸ of hiring biases⁹ on grounds of gender¹⁰ or ethnicity; using “objective” rating systems can protect them from discrimination lawsuits¹¹. And employees need to be concerned about how they are rated.

即使是全职员工也可能会发现，他们在某个方面的得分取决于自己。企业希望避免被指责在招聘时存在性别或种族偏见；而使用“客观”评级系统可以保护他们免受歧视诉讼。而且员工需要对他们如何被评价而感到担忧。

Gianpiero Petriglieri of the insead business school says that, since ?rms no longer o?er jobs for life, everyone is an independent worker whether they like it or not. The key passage in your cv may not be the universities you attended, but your rating in categories like teamwork, innovation and adaptability¹².

欧洲工商管理学院的詹比耶洛·彼崔格里利说，既然公司不再提供终身工作，不管喜欢与否，每个人都是独立的工人。你简历中的关键部分可能不是你的学历，而是你在团队合作、创新和适应能力等方面的评分。

Heaven forbid, the system even extends to journalists. Some publications reward writers based on the number of clicks their articles attract. Find out more in next week’s Bartleby column: “How the Kim Kardashian diet can boost your IQ and job prospects”.

这一制度甚至延伸到了记者身上（但愿不会如此）。有些出版物根据文章吸引的点击量来奖励作者。你可以在下周的巴托比专栏找到更多:《金·卡戴珊的饮食如何提高你的智商和就业前景》。

1 cult   

n.异教，邪教；时尚，狂热的崇拜

参考例句：

• Her books aren't bestsellers,but they have a certain cult following.她的书算不上畅销书，但有一定的崇拜者。
• The cult of sun worship is probably the most primitive one.太阳崇拜仪式或许是最为原始的一种。

2 precisely   

adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地

参考例句：

• It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
• The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。

3 assessment   

n.评价；评估；对财产的估价，被估定的金额

参考例句：

• This is a very perceptive assessment of the situation.这是一个对该情况的极富洞察力的评价。
• What is your assessment of the situation?你对时局的看法如何？

4 prospects   

n.希望，前途(恒为复数)

参考例句：

• There is a mood of pessimism in the company about future job prospects. 公司中有一种对工作前景悲观的情绪。
• They are less sanguine about the company's long-term prospects. 他们对公司的远景不那么乐观。

5 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。

6 relished   

v.欣赏( relish的过去式和过去分词 )；从…获得乐趣；渴望

参考例句：

• The chaplain relished the privacy and isolation of his verdant surroundings. 牧师十分欣赏他那苍翠的环境所具有的幽雅恬静，与世隔绝的气氛。 来自辞典例句
• Dalleson relished the first portion of the work before him. 达尔生对眼前这工作的前半部分满有兴趣。 来自辞典例句

7 full-time   

adj.满工作日的或工作周的，全时间的

参考例句：

• A full-time job may be too much for her.全天工作她恐怕吃不消。
• I don't know how she copes with looking after her family and doing a full-time job.既要照顾家庭又要全天工作，我不知道她是如何对付的。

8 accusations   

n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名

参考例句：

• There were accusations of plagiarism. 曾有过关于剽窃的指控。
• He remained unruffled by their accusations. 对于他们的指控他处之泰然。

9 biases   

偏见( bias的名词复数 )； 偏爱； 特殊能力； 斜纹

参考例句：

• Stereotypes represent designer or researcher biases and assumptions, rather than factual data. 它代表设计师或者研究者的偏见和假设，而不是实际的数据。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
• The net effect of biases on international comparisons is easily summarized. 偏差对国际比较的基本影响容易概括。

10 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

11 lawsuits   

n.诉讼( lawsuit的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Lawsuits involving property rights and farming and grazing rights increased markedly. 涉及财产权，耕作与放牧权的诉讼案件显著地增加。 来自辞典例句
• I've lost and won more lawsuits than any man in England. 全英国的人算我官司打得最多，赢的也多，输的也多。 来自辞典例句

12 adaptability   

n.适应性

参考例句：

• It has a wide range of adaptability.它的应用性广。