2020年经济学人 量子领域没有蝴蝶效应(2)

The classical butterfly effect suggests that the researchers' meddling¹ should have changed it quite drastically.

经典蝴蝶效应表明，研究人员的干预本应该对其有巨大的改变。

In the event, the qubit's original state had been almost entirely² recovered. Its state was not quite zero,

结果，这个量子位的原始状态几乎完全恢复了。其状态不是零，

but it was, in quantum-mechanical terms, 98.3% of the way there, a difference that was deemed insignificant³.

而是，按照量子力学术语来说，达到了98.3%，这个差别被认为是可以忽略不计的。

"The final output state after the 'forward evolution' is essentially⁴ the same as the input⁵ state before 'backward evolution'," says Dr Sinitsyn.

‘正向进化’后的最终输出状态和‘反向进化’前的输入状态一样，”Sinitsyn博士说。

"It can be viewed as the same input state plus some small background noise."

“它可以被看做是相同的输入状态加上一些小的背景杂音。”

Oddest of all was the fact that the further back in simulated time the damage was done,

最奇怪的是，在模拟时间中，损害造成的时间越早，

the greater the rate of recovery—as if the quantum system was repairing itself with time.

恢复率也越大——就好像量子系统在随着时间的流逝而自我修复。

The mechanism⁶ behind all this is known as "entanglement⁷".

这种机制被称为“量子纠缠”。

As quantum objects interact, their states become highly correlated—"entangled⁸"—

随着量子物体相互作用，它们的状态变得高度相关——“相纠缠”——

in a way that serves to diffuse⁹ localised information about the state of one quantum object across the system as a whole.

其方式是将关于量子物体状态的局部信息扩散到整个系统。

Damage to one part of the system does not destroy information in the same way as it would with a classical system.

对系统某一部分的损坏不会像对经典系统那样破坏信息。

Instead of losing your work when your laptop crashes,

当你电脑崩溃时，你的工作内容不会丢失，

having a highly entangled system is a bit like having back-ups stashed¹⁰ in every room of the house.

拥有一个高度纠缠的系统就好像是将备份存放在了家里的每个房间中。

Even though the information held in the disturbed qubit is lost, its links with the other qubits in the system can act to restore it.

即使是被干扰的量子位中的信息丢失了，其和系统中其他量子位的联系可以恢复它。

The upshot is that the butterfly effect seems not to apply to quantum systems.

结果是蝴蝶效应似乎不适用于量子力学。

Besides making life safe for tiny time-travellers, that may have implications for quantum computing¹¹, too,

除了保证小小的时间旅行者的安全外，这也可能对量子计算产生影响，

a field into which companies and countries are investing billions of dollars.

各公司和各国都投入了数十亿美元在这个领域。

"We think of quantum systems, especially in quantum computing, as very fragile," says Natalia Ares, a physicist¹² at the University of Oxford¹³.

“我们认为量子系统，尤其是量子计算机中的，是非常脆弱的，”牛津大学的物理学家Natalia Ares说到。

"That this result demonstrates that quantum systems can in fact be unexpectedly robust¹⁴ is an encouraging finding,

“该结果证明量子系统其实可以异常坚固，这是一个鼓舞人心的发现，

and bodes¹⁵ well for potential future advances in the field."

也预示着该领域未来的发展潜力。”

1 meddling   

v.干涉，干预（他人事务）( meddle的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He denounced all "meddling" attempts to promote a negotiation. 他斥责了一切“干预”促成谈判的企图。 来自辞典例句
• They liked this field because it was never visited by meddling strangers. 她们喜欢这块田野，因为好事的陌生人从来不到那里去。 来自辞典例句

2 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

3 insignificant   

adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的

参考例句：

• In winter the effect was found to be insignificant.在冬季，这种作用是不明显的。
• This problem was insignificant compared to others she faced.这一问题与她面临的其他问题比较起来算不得什么。

4 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

5 input   

n.输入(物)；投入；vt.把(数据等)输入计算机

参考例句：

• I will forever be grateful for his considerable input.我将永远感激他的大量投入。
• All this information had to be input onto the computer.所有这些信息都必须输入计算机。

6 mechanism   

n.机械装置；机构，结构

参考例句：

• The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
• The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。

7 entanglement   

n.纠缠，牵累

参考例句：

• This entanglement made Carrie anxious for a change of some sort.这种纠葛弄得嘉莉急于改变一下。
• There is some uncertainty about this entanglement with the city treasurer which you say exists.对于你所说的与市财政局长之间的纠葛,大家有些疑惑。

8 entangled   

adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The bird had become entangled in the wire netting. 那只小鸟被铁丝网缠住了。
• Some military observers fear the US could get entangled in another war. 一些军事观察家担心美国会卷入另一场战争。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 diffuse   

v.扩散；传播；adj.冗长的；四散的，弥漫的

参考例句：

• Direct light is better for reading than diffuse light.直射光比漫射光更有利于阅读。
• His talk was so diffuse that I missed his point.他的谈话漫无边际，我抓不住他的要点。

10 stashed   

v.贮藏( stash的过去式和过去分词 )；隐藏；藏匿；藏起

参考例句：

• She has a fortune stashed away in various bank accounts. 她有一大笔钱存在几个不同的银行账户下。
• She has a fortune stashed away in various bank accounts. 她在不同的银行账户上秘密储存了一大笔钱。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 computing   

n.计算

参考例句：

• to work in computing 从事信息处理
• Back in the dark ages of computing, in about 1980, they started a software company. 早在计算机尚未普及的时代（约1980年），他们就创办了软件公司。

12 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

13 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

14 robust   

adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的

参考例句：

• She is too tall and robust.她个子太高，身体太壮。
• China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道，中国希望保持经济强势增长，以减少贫困和失业状况。

15 bodes   

v.预示，预告，预言( bode的第三人称单数 )；等待，停留( bide的过去分词 )；居住；（过去式用bided）等待

参考例句：

• This bodes ill for the failure of the programme. 这是那项计划有凶兆。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• This bodes him no good. 这对他是不祥之兆。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》