经济学人30:铭记于心 西班牙内战

 　　Books and Arts; The Spanish civil war;Never forget;

　　文艺；西班牙内战;铭记于心;

　　A dark time in history finally comes to light

　　一段黑暗史总将真相大白

　　In need of a truth commission

　　需要真相委員会

　　The Spanish Holocaust¹: Inquisition and Extermination² in Twentieth-Century Spain. By Paul Preston. ;

　　《西班牙大屠杀》：二十世纪西班牙的审与杀;保罗·普雷斯顿著；

　　The Spanish civil war and its repressive aftermath, following the victory of General Francisco Franco, was a particularly savage³ conflict. But it is far-fetched to describe it as a holocaust, as Paul Preston does in his latest book. His provocative⁴ title raised eyebrows⁵ when it was published in Spain last year, as the country's horrors still pale in comparison with the magnitude of the Nazi⁶ Holocaust. Mr Preston, an emeritus⁷ professor at the London School of Economics and leading historian of 20th-century Spain, contends that no other word aptly conveys the whole of the Spanish tragedy, which included a strain of anti-Semitism. Thankfully he exercises better judgment⁸ within the covers of this meticulous⁹ and well-argued book.

　　西班牙内战以及殖民军首领弗朗西斯科?佛朗哥取得胜利后的强力镇压是一次特别野蛮的冲突。但是在保罗·普雷斯顿(Paul Preston)最新著作中将其描述成大屠杀有些过于牵强。这本书去年在西班牙发行的时候颇具煽动性的题目令人惊奇，但是相比于纳粹大屠杀的程度，这个国家的恐怖行动仍显得苍白暗淡。保罗·普雷斯顿(Paul Preston)是伦敦经济学院荣誉退休教授而且还是20世纪中叶西班牙历史的权威学家。他认为找不到一个更恰当的词来表达西班牙的整个悲剧，其中包括反犹太主义。他之前的判断（说反犹主义）有误，幸好这本书的内容还算合情合理。

　　Mr Preston puts the number of those who died in battle at 200,000, after Nationalist military rebels rose against the democratically elected Republican government in 1936. He counts an additional 150,000 murders by the right-wing Nationalists—plus 20,000 more after the civil war ended in 1939—and a further 50,000 killings¹⁰ in areas held by Republicans.

　　保罗·普雷斯顿指出，民族主义军事反政府武装在1936年发动了针对选举的军事叛乱，战场上死亡的人数达到了20万。保罗·普雷斯顿统计于右翼民族党残杀的15万人(附加上了1939年内战后死的2万多人)和共和党杀害的另外5万人。

　　The book is largely based on secondary sources. Victims in the Republican zone were documented by the state investigation¹¹ set up in 1940. But the sheer scale of the atrocities¹² committed on the other side have come to light only recently, in a flood of books and exhumations of mass graves. A proper reckoning of the war had been avoided by the generation of politicians who followed Franco's death in 1975, to smooth the transition to democracy. Yet the past decade has seen various groups, often led by the relatives of Republican victims, unearthing¹³ the past—often literally¹⁴.

　　这本书的素材来源很大程度上是二手的。共和党区的受害者信息记载于1940年建立的国家调查组的文献中。但是在另一边（右翼民族党区）大规模的残暴罪行最近才得以显露，这得益于大量的书籍以及大量墓地的开掘。1975年佛朗哥死后的一代政治家回避了这场战争的评论，为了国家顺利过渡到民主主义社会。然而，近十年我们可以看到各种共和党受害者的家属组成的团体时常揭露事实真相。

　　In a recent trial in Madrid against Baltasar Garzón, Spain's most famous magistrate¹⁵, relatives of slain¹⁶ victims aired their stories for the first time. Mr Garzón was charged with abusing his powers by calling an investigation into the deaths of 114,000 people under Franco's dictatorship, despite a 1977 amnesty law. He was ultimately absolved¹⁷ of this charge, but in another case last month the conservative judiciary barred Mr Garzón from the bench for 11 years, thus ending his career.

　　在马德里最近的一次针对西班牙最有名的法官巴尔塔萨·加尔松的审判中，内战中受害者的亲属第一次讲述了他们受害人的故事。加尔松被控告不顾1977年的大赦律法，滥用私权号召一个关于佛朗哥的独裁统治下那11.4万人的死亡情况的调查。他最后还是在这次控告中得到了赦免，但是上个月的另一个案子中，保守的司法禁止法官加尔松11年内不得再入法官席，因此就这样结束了他的职业生涯。

　　Mr Preston does not hide his loathing¹⁸ of the rebels and empathy for the left. He argues with impressive detail that the repression¹⁹ by the Nationalists was largely planned and institutionalised, whereas the Republicans' violence was more spontaneous and mainly in defence against the better armed and trained Francoist forces. Other scholars say that this view is too simplistic. The author is on new and firmer ground in his examination of the role played by the NKVD, the Soviet²⁰ secret police, particularly in the massacre²¹ of hundreds of Franco supporters at Paracuellos in 1936. Santiago Carrillo, a communist leader at the time and the only war protagonist²² alive today, has always claimed he had nothing to do with the killings, and has never been charged. Yet Mr Preston argues otherwise, citing his ties with Josif Grigulevich, a sinister²³ NKVD agent.

　　保罗·普雷斯顿一书中并没有回避他对叛乱分子的厌恶和对左翼共和党的同情。保罗·普雷斯顿以令人印象深刻的细节描述有利论证了民族党派的镇压很大程度上是有计划且被制度化的，然而，共和党的暴力更多是自发地出于抵御先进的武器装备和佛朗哥特训过的部队。其他学者称这样的评论过于简单化了。本书作者在新的领域里审查苏联秘密警察组织（NKVD）所扮演的角色，尤其是1936年，在马德里Paracuellos在内务部的掺和下，共和派对佛朗哥同情者的镇压。圣地亚哥·卡里略是当时的一位共产党领袖，如今唯一活着的战争领导人，现总是声称他与屠杀无关，从来也没有被控罪。然而保罗·普雷斯顿认为他和那个NKVD内务部特工有联系。

　　“The Spanish Holocaust” is a compelling chronicle of a grim time in history. It would be a pity if the book's dubious²⁴ title discouraged a wider readership.

　　《The Spanish Holocaust》是一本令人信服的残酷编年史。如果这本书可疑的书名使得广泛地读者群沮丧的话那真是个遗憾。

1 holocaust   

n.大破坏；大屠杀

参考例句：

• The Auschwitz concentration camp always remind the world of the holocaust.奥辛威茨集中营总是让世人想起大屠杀。
• Ahmadinejad is denying the holocaust because he's as brutal as Hitler was.内贾德否认大屠杀，因为他像希特勒一样残忍。

2 extermination   

n.消灭，根绝

参考例句：

• All door and window is sealed for the extermination of mosquito. 为了消灭蚊子，所有的门窗都被封闭起来了。 来自辞典例句
• In doing so they were saved from extermination. 这样一来却使它们免于绝灭。 来自辞典例句

3 savage   

adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人

参考例句：

• The poor man received a savage beating from the thugs.那可怜的人遭到暴徒的痛打。
• He has a savage temper.他脾气粗暴。

4 provocative   

adj.挑衅的，煽动的，刺激的，挑逗的

参考例句：

• She wore a very provocative dress.她穿了一件非常性感的裙子。
• His provocative words only fueled the argument further.他的挑衅性讲话只能使争论进一步激化。

5 eyebrows   

眉毛( eyebrow的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Eyebrows stop sweat from coming down into the eyes. 眉毛挡住汗水使其不能流进眼睛。
• His eyebrows project noticeably. 他的眉毛特别突出。

6 Nazi   

n.纳粹分子，adj.纳粹党的，纳粹的

参考例句：

• They declare the Nazi regime overthrown and sue for peace.他们宣布纳粹政权已被推翻，并出面求和。
• Nazi closes those war criminals inside their concentration camp.纳粹把那些战犯关在他们的集中营里。

7 emeritus   

adj.名誉退休的

参考例句：

• "Perhaps I can introduce Mr.Lake Kirby,an emeritus professor from Washington University?"请允许我介绍华盛顿大学名誉教授莱克柯尔比先生。
• He will continue as chairman emeritus.他将会继续担任荣誉主席。

8 judgment   

n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见

参考例句：

• The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
• He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。

9 meticulous   

adj.极其仔细的，一丝不苟的

参考例句：

• We'll have to handle the matter with meticulous care.这事一点不能含糊。
• She is meticulous in her presentation of facts.她介绍事实十分详细。

10 killings   

谋杀( killing的名词复数 )； 突然发大财，暴发

参考例句：

• His statement was seen as an allusion to the recent drug-related killings. 他的声明被视为暗指最近与毒品有关的多起凶杀案。
• The government issued a statement condemning the killings. 政府发表声明谴责这些凶杀事件。

11 investigation   

n.调查，调查研究

参考例句：

• In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
• He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。

12 atrocities   

n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪

参考例句：

• They were guilty of the most barbarous and inhuman atrocities. 他们犯有最野蛮、最灭绝人性的残暴罪行。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The enemy's atrocities made one boil with anger. 敌人的暴行令人发指。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

13 unearthing   

发掘或挖出某物( unearth的现在分词 )； 搜寻到某事物，发现并披露

参考例句：

• And unearthing the past often means literally and studying the evidence. 通常，探寻往事在字面上即意味着——刨根究底。
• The unearthing of "Peking Man" was a remarkable discovery. “北京人”的出土是个非凡的发现。

14 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

15 magistrate   

n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官

参考例句：

• The magistrate committed him to prison for a month.法官判处他一个月监禁。
• John was fined 1000 dollars by the magistrate.约翰被地方法官罚款1000美元。

16 slain   

杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词)

参考例句：

• The soldiers slain in the battle were burried that night. 在那天夜晚埋葬了在战斗中牺牲了的战士。
• His boy was dead, slain by the hand of the false Amulius. 他的儿子被奸诈的阿缪利乌斯杀死了。

17 absolved   

宣告…无罪，赦免…的罪行，宽恕…的罪行( absolve的过去式和过去分词 )； 不受责难，免除责任 [义务] ,开脱（罪责）

参考例句：

• The court absolved him of all responsibility for the accident. 法院宣告他对该事故不负任何责任。
• The court absolved him of guilt in her death. 法庭赦免了他在她的死亡中所犯的罪。

18 loathing   

n.厌恶，憎恨v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的现在分词)；极不喜欢

参考例句：

• She looked at her attacker with fear and loathing . 她盯着襲擊她的歹徒，既害怕又憎恨。
• They looked upon the creature with a loathing undisguised. 他们流露出明显的厌恶看那动物。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

19 repression   

n.镇压，抑制，抑压

参考例句：

• The repression of your true feelings is harmful to your health.压抑你的真实感情有害健康。
• This touched off a new storm against violent repression.这引起了反对暴力镇压的新风暴。

20 Soviet   

adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃

参考例句：

• Zhukov was a marshal of the former Soviet Union.朱可夫是前苏联的一位元帅。
• Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941.德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。

21 massacre   

n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀

参考例句：

• There was a terrible massacre of villagers here during the war.在战争中，这里的村民惨遭屠杀。
• If we forget the massacre,the massacre will happen again!忘记了大屠杀，大屠杀就有可能再次发生！

22 protagonist   

n.(思想观念的)倡导者；主角，主人公

参考例句：

• The protagonist reforms in the end and avoids his proper punishment.戏剧主角最后改过自新并避免了他应受的惩罚。
• He is the model for the protagonist in the play.剧本中的主人公就是以他为模特儿创作的！

23 sinister   

adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的

参考例句：

• There is something sinister at the back of that series of crimes.在这一系列罪行背后有险恶的阴谋。
• Their proposals are all worthless and designed out of sinister motives.他们的建议不仅一钱不值，而且包藏祸心。

24 dubious   

adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的

参考例句：

• What he said yesterday was dubious.他昨天说的话很含糊。
• He uses some dubious shifts to get money.他用一些可疑的手段去赚钱。