科学美国人60秒 蜂箱由共同的肠道微生物连接在一起

Every honeybee colony has its own unique scent¹ like a fingerprint². And bees use that scent to recognize their nest mates—basically saying, “You smell like me, so I’m going to let you into the colony.”

就像人类的指纹一样，每个蜂群都有自己独特的气味。蜜蜂利用这种气味来识别它们的巢穴同伴——基本上就是在说:“你闻起来跟我其为一样，所以我会让你进入蜂巢。”

But here’s the mystery: If you transfer a baby bee into a new hive, not only does the colony accept it, but that bee will eventually smell like its adopted nest mates—even though they’re not genetically³ related.

但这里有个秘密:如果你把一只小蜜蜂转移到一个新的蜂巢，不仅新的蜂巢会接受了它，而且这只蜜蜂最终的气味也会和它被收养的蜂巢同伴一样——即使它们没有血缘关系。

“This kind of got us thinking, ‘Perhaps it’s not actually the genetics of the bee; it’s actually the genetics of the microbes that live within the bee.’”

“这让我们思考，‘也许这实际上不是蜜蜂的基因;这实际上是生活在蜜蜂体内的微生物的基因。’”

Cassondra Vernier is a postdoctoral researcher [now] at the University of Illinois. She knew gut⁴ microbes can affect the scent and communication of other animals, like hyenas⁵.

Cassondra Vernier是伊利诺伊大学的博士后研究员。她知道肠道微生物可以影响其他动物的气味和沟通交流，比如鬣狗。

So she and her co-authors designed a series of experiments to test whether microbes also change the scent compounds coating the outside of honeybees, known as cuticular⁶ hydrocarbons⁸.

因此，她和合著者设计了一系列实验，测试微生物是否也会改变蜜蜂表面的气味化合物--表皮碳氢化合物。

In one experiment, they fed different gut microbes to newly hatched sister bees. The bees developed distinct microbiomes—and they also produced different cuticular hydrocarbon⁷ scents⁹. On the other hand ...

在一项实验中，他们给新孵化的姐妹蜂喂食不同的肠道微生物。这些蜜蜂进化出了不同的微生物群——它们也产生了不同的表皮碳氢化合物气味。另一方面…

“If they were treated with different inoculums, they recognized each other as non-nest mates. And they attacked each other, usually in the form of biting each other.”

“如果给它们注射不同的疫苗，它们就能认出彼此是没有巢的伴侣。就会互相攻击，通常是互相咬对方。”

In other words, bees from the same colony did not recognize each other when they had different gut microbes.

换句话说，当来自同一个蜂群的蜜蜂拥有不同的肠道微生物时，它们无法识别彼此。

Washington University [in St. Louis] biology professor and co-author Yehuda Ben-Shahar says the microbes are changing the bees physiologically¹⁰ and controlling their complicated social behaviors. But he adds this relationship is mutually beneficial for the bacteria and the bees.

圣路易斯华盛顿大学的生物学教授、合著者本-沙哈尔说，这些微生物正在从生理上改变蜜蜂，并控制它们复杂的社会行为。但他补充说，这种关系对细菌和蜜蜂来说是互惠互利的。

“The bees have to have some of these bacteria, so you have a system where this relationship serves the biology of both the bacteria and the host. And it gets to a point where it’s obligatory¹¹, so one cannot exist without the other.”

“蜜蜂必须有一些这样的细菌，这种微生物群服务于细菌和宿主。在某种程度上，它们互不分离。

Being able to distinguish nest mates from invaders¹² is absolutely critical, Ben-Shahar says.

本-沙哈尔说，能够区分巢穴同伴和入侵者绝对是至关重要的。

Without that ability, bees would be vulnerable to nest parasites—and to other bees looking to steal their most precious commodity: honey. And so the entrance fee must be paid—not in dollars but in scents.

如果没有这种能力，蜜蜂就很容易受到巢内寄生虫的攻击，也容易受到其他想要偷走它们蜂蜜的蜜蜂的攻击。因此，入场费必须支付——不是美元，而是气味。

1 scent   

n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉

参考例句：

• The air was filled with the scent of lilac.空气中弥漫着丁香花的芬芳。
• The flowers give off a heady scent at night.这些花晚上散发出醉人的芳香。

2 fingerprint   

n.指纹；vt.取...的指纹

参考例句：

• The fingerprint expert was asked to testify at the trial.指纹专家应邀出庭作证。
• The court heard evidence from a fingerprint expert.法院听取了指纹专家的证词。

3 genetically   

adv.遗传上

参考例句：

• All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
• Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物

4 gut   

n.[pl.]胆量；内脏；adj.本能的；vt.取出内脏

参考例句：

• It is not always necessary to gut the fish prior to freezing.冷冻鱼之前并不总是需要先把内脏掏空。
• My immediate gut feeling was to refuse.我本能的直接反应是拒绝。

5 hyenas   

n.鬣狗( hyena的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• These animals were the prey of hyenas. 这些动物是鬣狗的猎物。 来自辞典例句
• We detest with horror the duplicity and villainy of the murderous hyenas of Bukharinite wreckers. 我们非常憎恨布哈林那帮两面三刀、杀人破坏，干尽坏事的豺狼。 来自辞典例句

6 cuticular   

adj.表皮的

参考例句：

• Commonly bacterium of gules and cuticular tinea waits. 常见的有红色表皮癣菌等。 来自互联网
• Cuticular cell organization and embedded material call the skin to protect wet organization jointly. 表皮细胞组织与内含物质共同称为皮肤保湿机构。 来自互联网

7 hydrocarbon   

n.烃，碳氢化合物

参考例句：

• During incomplete combustion some of the hydrocarbon fuel is cracked.在不完全的燃烧中，一些烃燃料裂解。
• The hydrocarbon must be an alkene.这个碳氢化合物必定是烯烃。

8 hydrocarbons   

n.碳氢化合物，烃( hydrocarbon的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Hydrocarbons (HC), like carbon monoxide, represent unburned and wasted fuel. 碳氢化合物(HC)像一氧化碳一样，为未燃尽的和被浪费掉的燃料。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
• With this restricted frequency range it is not applicable to hydrocarbons. 这个较紧缩的频率范围不适用于烃类。 来自辞典例句

9 scents   

n.香水( scent的名词复数 )；气味；（动物的）臭迹；（尤指狗的）嗅觉

参考例句：

• The air was fragrant with scents from the sea and the hills. 空气中荡漾着山和海的芬芳气息。
• The winds came down with scents of the grass and wild flowers. 微风送来阵阵青草和野花的香气。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 physiologically   

ad.生理上，在生理学上

参考例句：

• Therefore, the liver and gallbladder cannot be completely separated physiologically and pathologically. 因此，肝胆在生理和病理上不能完全分离。
• Therefore, the liver and gallbladder are closely related physiologically and pathologically. 因此，肝胆在生理和病理上紧密联系。

11 obligatory   

adj.强制性的，义务的，必须的

参考例句：

• It is obligatory for us to obey the laws.我们必须守法。
• It is obligatory on every citizen to safeguard our great motherland.保卫我们伟大的祖国是每一个公民应尽的义务。

12 invaders   

入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They prepared to repel the invaders. 他们准备赶走侵略军。
• The family has traced its ancestry to the Norman invaders. 这个家族将自己的世系追溯到诺曼征服者。