科学美国人60秒 貘通过排出的粪便来重新造林

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Jason Goldman.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·古德曼。

The Amazon rain forest is under threat. Fragmentation, fires and climate change are just a few of the hazards. In natural, intact forests, animals that eat fruits help to keep the forest in a constant state of regeneration since they deposit seeds in their droppings as they travel. Could the same process help restore areas degraded by fire?

亚马逊雨林正受到威胁。破碎化、火灾和气候变化只几个小危害。在自然完整的森林中，吃水果的动物有助于保持森林的不断更新，因为它们在旅行时会将种子存放在粪便中。同样的过程能帮助恢复被火灾破坏的地区吗?

"There are a lot of tapirs walking around the study area. And they, of course, poop a lot, because they are huge herbivores."

“有很多貘在研究区里走动。当然，它们会大便，因为它们是大型食草动物。”

Lucas Paolucci from Brazil's Amazon Environmental Research Institute.

巴西亚马逊环境研究所的卢卡斯·保卢奇说到。

"So our team asked whether they could be walking around and eventually helping¹ to reforest this area through their poops and, of course, the seeds that are within it."

“因此，我们的研究团队想知道它们是否能四处走动，最终通过它们的粪便，当然还有里面的种子，来帮助这一地区重新造林。”

Tapirs are the largest terrestrial mammals left in the Amazon rain forest. Imagine a 500-pound pig but with a small elephant trunk on its face—that's sort of what a lowland tapir looks like. The species is threatened with extinction², but certain areas still have quite a few tapirs roaming around.

貘是亚马逊雨林中现存最大的陆地哺乳动物。想象一下，一只500磅重的猪，但脸上长着一个小象鼻，这就是低地貘的样子。该物种正面临灭绝的威胁，但某些地区仍有相当多的貘在四处游荡。

Using a combination of camera traps, aerial imagery and field observations, the researchers measured the density³ and abundance of tapir droppings in three different parts of the rain forest over the course of seven years. One test plot was experimentally burned each year, one was burned every three years, and one was left completely intact.

研究人员使用相机陷阱、航空影像和实地观察相结合的方法，在七年的时间里测量了热带雨林三个不同地区貘粪便的密度和丰度。其中一块实验区每年都要实验性地烧一次，另一块每三年烧一次，最后一块完好无损。

"We saw that tapirs were occurring two times more often in disturbed areas than the unburned plots and also dispersing⁴ three times more seeds."

“我们发现，貘在受干扰地区出现的频率是未被烧毁地区的两倍，而且散播的种子也要多出三倍。”

That's a lot of seeds. Extrapolating from the data, in intact forests, a single tapir deposits almost 3.000 seeds in a single hectare, or 10.000 square meters. But in burned areas, the animals drop nearly 10.000 seeds. And while researchers don't know how many seeds can germinate⁵ after a trip through a tapir's digestive system, fewer than one percent of such seeds appeared damaged.

那是很多种子。根据这些数据推断，在完整的森林中，一只貘在一公顷(即10000平方米)的土地上储存了近3000颗种子。但在被烧毁的地区，这些动物会撒下近1万粒种子。虽然研究人员不知道有多少种子可以在经过貘的消化系统后发芽，但只有不到1%的种子出现了损伤。

But tapirs are just part of the equation. After they do a number two, dung beetles⁶ get to work forming the scat into balls before burying them, seeds included. Paolucci is now looking at whether dung beetles, like the tapir dung, are also more abundant in recently burned areas.

但貘只是等式的一部分。进行完第二步之后，蜣螂开始将粪便滚成球状，然后将含有种子的粪便埋起来。保卢奇现在正在研究蜣螂是否像貘的粪便一样，在最近被烧毁的地区也大量存在。

Putting tapirs to work doing what they already do best is perhaps the cheapest method for large-scale tropical forest restoration. Such renewal⁷ is critical for carbon sequestration, biodiversity preservation⁸, and much more. Tapirs alone won't do the job alone; their work would help lower the price tag.

让貘做它们们已经做得最好的工作，也许是大规模热带森林恢复的最便宜的方法。这种更新对于碳封存、生物多样性保护等都至关重要。貘不能单独完成这项工作，但它们的工作将有助于降低价格。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Jason Goldman.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·古德曼

1 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

2 extinction   

n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种

参考例句：

• The plant is now in danger of extinction.这种植物现在有绝种的危险。
• The island's way of life is doomed to extinction.这个岛上的生活方式注定要消失。

3 density   

n.密集，密度，浓度

参考例句：

• The population density of that country is 685 per square mile.那个国家的人口密度为每平方英里685人。
• The region has a very high population density.该地区的人口密度很高。

4 dispersing   

adj. 分散的 动词disperse的现在分词形式

参考例句：

• Whereas gasoline fumes linger close to the ground before dispersing. 而汽油烟气却靠近地面迟迟不散。
• Earthworms may be instrumental in dispersing fungi or bacteria. 蚯蚓可能是散布真菌及细菌的工具。

5 germinate   

v.发芽；发生；发展

参考例句：

• Seeds will not germinate without water.没有水，种子是不会发芽的。
• Can thin and hollow seeds germinate?瘦瘪的种子能够发芽吗？

6 beetles   

n.甲虫( beetle的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Beetles bury pellets of dung and lay their eggs within them. 甲壳虫把粪粒埋起来，然后在里面产卵。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This kind of beetles have hard shell. 这类甲虫有坚硬的外壳。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

7 renewal   

adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来

参考例句：

• Her contract is coming up for renewal in the autumn.她的合同秋天就应该续签了。
• Easter eggs symbolize the renewal of life.复活蛋象征新生。

8 preservation   

n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持

参考例句：

• The police are responsible for the preservation of law and order.警察负责维持法律与秩序。
• The picture is in an excellent state of preservation.这幅画保存得极为完好。