走遍全世界57: 沙漠中的植物

Some cacti¹, like the saguaro, grow to tree size, but true trees need more moisture than most desert environments can supply, so they are scarce on deserts.

一些仙人掌，如撒瓜罗，能长到橡树那么高。但真正的树却需要比大多数沙漠所能提供的更多的水分，所以树在沙漠里是鲜见的。

Close to streambeds, cottonwoods can sometimes be found. Though these streams are dry most of the year, water flows there longest and is usually available fairly close to the surface. Elsewhere, trees must send taproots deep into the hard baked desert soil to draw on underground water. Perhaps the most widespread family of trees on the world's deserts is the acacia, whose taproots drill down as fas as 25 feet (7.5 meters).

在小溪河床附近，有时能发现三角叶杨。尽管一年的大多数时间里这些小溪都是干涸的，那里却是水流的时间最长的地方而且水分相当靠近地表。其他地方树木的主根必须深入受炙烤而坚硬的沙漠底部的土壤以吸取地下水。在沙漠里分布最广的树或许是刺魏，其主根能深达25英尺（合75米）。

The mesquite common on North American deserts in both tree and shrub² forms, does not begin to grow above ground until its root system is completely developed, ensuring the plant a supply of moisture. The roots of shrubs³ and trees help to hold the desert soil in place. Their stalks and branches also act as screens to keep the wind from sweeping⁴ great drifts of sand along the surface. These services are vital if a desert is to support life.

牧豆树属植物不论是乔木和灌木，在北美沙漠中经常可见，在它根部系统完全生长发达到能保证提供充足的水分时才长出地面。灌木和树的根有助于固定沙漠中的土壤，它们的茎和树枝同时起屏障的作用，防止风从沙漠表面吹起大堆的沙。如果沙漠要支持生命，这种作用必不可少。

In addition to a few varieties of trees and tough shrubs, most deserts have grasses, herbs, and other annual plants. These do not compete for moisture with the longer lived growth. They spring up quickly after rains, when the surface is moist. Then, for a brief time, the desert can be literally⁵ carpeted with color. Almost as quickly as they appeared, these small plants die away. But they have developed special ways of ensuring the life of another generation when rains come again.

除了一些种类的树木和顽强的灌木外，大多数沙漠里还有青草、草本植物和其他年生植物。它们并不与长期生长的树木竞争水分。当雨后地表还潮湿时它们就迅速发芽，然后在一个短时间里，给沙漠铺上绿色地毯。这些小植物很快就消失了，几乎就像它们长出来时那样迅速，但它们已发展了特殊方式来保证在下次降雨来时下一代的生命。

英语词汇整理：

1. moisture n. 潮湿，湿气

eg: When the soil is dry, more moisture is lost from the plant.
土壤干燥时，植物就会失去更多的水分。

相关短语：
moisture content 水分含量
soil moisture  土壤湿度
moisture absorption 吸湿性

2. scarce adj. 缺乏的，不足的，稀少的，罕见的 adv. 勉强

eg: 3.As Singapore is a small island, land is scarce.
新加坡是一个小岛,土地稀有。

相关短语：
make oneself scarce〈口〉走开,溜走
scarce of 缺乏

3. widespread adj. 分布（或散步）广的，普遍的

eg: English is a widespread language.  
英语是一种很普及的语言。

相关短语：
widespread flood 到处泛滥的洪水
widespread attention 广泛的注意

4. mesquite n. (= mesquit) 豆科灌木

eg: ]The thorny⁶ mesquite is undoubtedly⁷ another factor..
多刺的牧豆树无疑是另一个因素。

相关短语：
honey mesquite 牧豆树

5. sweeping adj. 掠过的 n. 扫除；清除

eg: 1.The gardener is sweeping up the leaves in the road.
园林工人正在扫除道上的落叶。

相关短语：
sweep away 清除；一扫而空
sweep down 突袭
sweep up 大扫除；收拾干净
clean sweep 全胜；快速整理
sweep out 清除；扫除

6. annual adj. 每年的，年度的，一年生的 n. 年刊，一年生植物

eg: It's an annual report.  
这是年度报告。

相关短语：
annual meeting 年会
annual report 年度报告；年度决算
annual production 年产量
annual output 年产量
annual sales 年销售额

7. carpet n. 地毯，地毯状物 vt. 铺盖，铺以地毯

eg: 1.Our living room is covered with a carpet.
我们的起居室里铺了地毯。

相关短语：
call on the carpet 责备某人
on the carpet 在考虑中；在审议中
take up a carpet 拿起地毯
weave a carpet 织地毯
flying carpet 飞毯，魔毯

8. generation n. 代，一代，产生，衍生

eg: The tradition is handed down the generations.  
传统代代相传下来。

相关短语：
a generation ago 约三十年以前；一代人以前
for generations 一连好几代,几代相传
from generation to generation 世世代代,一代代
generation gap 代沟
from generation to generation 代代相传
generation gap 代沟

1 cacti   

n.（复）仙人掌

参考例句：

• There we could see nothing but cacti.那里除了仙人掌我们什么也看不到。
• Cacti can survive the lack of rainfall in the desert.仙人掌在降水稀少的沙漠中也能生存下去。

2 shrub   

n.灌木，灌木丛

参考例句：

• There is a small evergreen shrub on the hillside.山腰上有一小块常绿灌木丛。
• Moving a shrub is best done in early spring.移植灌木最好是在初春的时候。

3 shrubs   

灌木( shrub的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The gardener spent a complete morning in trimming those two shrubs. 园丁花了整个上午的时间修剪那两处灌木林。
• These shrubs will need more light to produce flowering shoots. 这些灌木需要更多的光照才能抽出开花的新枝。

4 sweeping   

adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的

参考例句：

• The citizens voted for sweeping reforms.公民投票支持全面的改革。
• Can you hear the wind sweeping through the branches?你能听到风掠过树枝的声音吗？

5 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

6 thorny   

adj.多刺的，棘手的

参考例句：

• The young captain is pondering over a thorny problem.年轻的上尉正在思考一个棘手的问题。
• The boys argued over the thorny points in the lesson.孩子们辩论功课中的难点。

7 undoubtedly   

adv.确实地，无疑地

参考例句：

• It is undoubtedly she who has said that.这话明明是她说的。
• He is undoubtedly the pride of China.毫无疑问他是中国的骄傲。