万物简史 第80期:敲石头的人们(2)

 Yet almost singlehandedly, and quite brilliantly, he created the science of geology and transformed our understanding of the Earth. Hutton was born in 1726 into a prosperous Scottish family, and enjoyed the sort of material comfort that allowed him to pass much of his life in a genially¹ expansive round of light work and intellectual betterment.

不过，他几乎独自一人，而且非常英明地开创了地质学，改变了我们对地球的认识。赫顿1726年生于一个富裕的苏格兰家庭，享受着舒适的物质条件，所以能以工作轻松、全面提高学识的方式度过大半辈子。

He studied medicine, but found it not to his liking² and turned instead to farming, which he followed in a relaxed and scientific way on the family estate in Berwickshire. Tiring of field and flock, in 1768 he moved to Edinburgh, where he founded a successful business producing sal ammoniac from coal soot³, and busied himself with various scientific pursuits. Edinburgh at that time was a center of intellectual vigor⁴, and Hutton luxuriated in its enriching possibilities. He became a leading member of a society called the Oyster⁵ Club, where he passed his evenings in the company of men such as the economist⁶ Adam Smith, the chemist Joseph Black, and the philosopher David Hume, as well as such occasional visiting sparks as Benjamin Franklin and James Watt⁷.

他学的是医学，但发现自己不喜欢医学，于是改学农业。他一直在贝里克郡的自家农场里以从容而又科学的方式务农。1768年，他对土地和羊群感到厌倦，迁到了爱丁堡。他建立了一家很成功的企业，用煤烟生产氯化铵，同时忙于各种科学研究。那个时候，爱丁堡是知识分子活跃的中心，赫顿在这种充满希望的环境里如鱼得水。他成为一个名叫牡蛎俱乐部的学会的主要成员。他在那里和其他人一起度过了许多夜晚，其中有经济学家亚当·斯密、化学家约瑟夫·布莱克和哲学家戴维·休谟，还有偶尔光临的本杰明·富兰克林和詹姆斯·瓦特。

In the tradition of the day, Hutton took an interest in nearly everything, from mineralogy to metaphysics. He conducted experiments with chemicals, investigated methods of coal mining and canal building, toured salt mines, speculated on the mechanisms⁸ of heredity, collected fossils, and propounded⁹ theories on rain, the composition of air, and the laws of motion, among much else. But his particular interest was geology.

按照那个年代的传统，赫顿差不多对什么都有兴趣，从矿物学到玄学。其中，他用化学品搞试验，调查开采煤矿和修筑运河的方法，考察盐矿，推测遗传机制，收集化石，提出关于雨、空气的组成和运动定律方面的理论。但是，他最感兴趣的还是地质学。

 

1 genially   

adv.亲切地，和蔼地；快活地

参考例句：

• The white church peeps out genially from behind the huts scattered on the river bank. 一座白色教堂从散布在岸上的那些小木房后面殷勤地探出头来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• "Well, It'seems strange to see you way up here,'said Mr. Kenny genially. “咳，真没想到会在这么远的地方见到你，"肯尼先生亲切地说。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹

2 liking   

n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢

参考例句：

• The word palate also means taste or liking.Palate这个词也有“口味”或“嗜好”的意思。
• I must admit I have no liking for exaggeration.我必须承认我不喜欢夸大其词。

3 soot   

n.煤烟，烟尘；vt.熏以煤烟

参考例句：

• Soot is the product of the imperfect combustion of fuel.煤烟是燃料不完全燃烧的产物。
• The chimney was choked with soot.烟囱被煤灰堵塞了。

4 vigor   

n.活力，精力，元气

参考例句：

• The choir sang the words out with great vigor.合唱团以极大的热情唱出了歌词。
• She didn't want to be reminded of her beauty or her former vigor.现在，她不愿人们提起她昔日的美丽和以前的精力充沛。

5 oyster   

n.牡蛎；沉默寡言的人

参考例句：

• I enjoy eating oyster; it's really delicious.我喜欢吃牡蛎，它味道真美。
• I find I fairly like eating when he finally persuades me to taste the oyster.当他最后说服我尝尝牡蛎时，我发现我相当喜欢吃。

6 economist   

n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人

参考例句：

• He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem.他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
• He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers.他是个经济学家，自以为什么都懂。

7 watt   

n.瓦，瓦特

参考例句：

• The invention of the engine is creditable to Watt.发动机的发明归功于瓦特。
• The unit of power is watt.功率的单位是瓦特。

8 mechanisms   

n.机械( mechanism的名词复数 )；机械装置；[生物学] 机制；机械作用

参考例句：

• The research will provide direct insight into molecular mechanisms. 这项研究将使人能够直接地了解分子的机理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He explained how the two mechanisms worked. 他解释这两台机械装置是如何工作的。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 propounded   

v.提出（问题、计划等）供考虑[讨论]，提议( propound的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• the theory of natural selection, first propounded by Charles Darwin 查尔斯∙达尔文首先提出的物竞天择理论
• Indeed it was first propounded by the ubiquitous Thomas Young. 实际上，它是由尽人皆知的杨氏首先提出来的。 来自辞典例句