万物简史 第93期:敲石头的人们(18)

 Moreover, all this applies only to units of time . Rocks are divided into quite separate units known as systems, series, and stages. A distinction is also made between late and early (referring to time) and upper and lower (referring to layers of rock). It can all get terribly confusing to nonspecialists, but to a geologist¹ these can be matters of passion. "I have seen grown men glow incandescent² with rage over this metaphorical³ millisecond in life's history," the British paleontologist Richard Fortey has written with regard to a long-running twentieth-century dispute over where the boundary lies between the Cambrian and Ordovician.

而且，这一切都只用做时间的单位。岩石的单位还另有一套，叫做系、段和期。而且，还有早、晚（指时间）之分和上、下（指岩层）之别。对于不是专家的人来说，这简直是一锅粥；但对于地质学家来说，这都可能是会动感情的东西。“我看到大人们为了生命史上一毫秒的问题争得脸红脖子粗。”英国的理查德·福蒂在谈到20世纪为寒武纪和奥陶纪的分界线而展开的旷日持久的辩论时这样写道。

At least today we can bring some sophisticated dating techniques to the table. For most of the nineteenth century geologists⁴ could draw on nothing more than the most hopeful guesswork. The frustrating⁵ position then was that although they could place the various rocks and fossils in order by age, they had no idea how long any of those ages were. When Buckland speculated on the antiquity⁶ of an Ichthyosaurus skeleton he could do no better than suggest that it had lived somewhere between "ten thousand, or more than ten thousand times ten thousand" years earlier.

今天，我们至少可以使用某些先进的技术来确定年代。在19世纪的大部分时间里，地质学家们只能依赖于推测。他们可以按照时代来排列各种岩石和化石，但根本不知道这些年代的长短，这是很令人泄气的。当巴克兰推测一副鱼龙骨骼的古老程度的时候，他只能认为，它生活在大约“10000或10000以上乘以10000”年以前。

1 geologist   

n.地质学家

参考例句：

• The geologist found many uncovered fossils in the valley.在那山谷里，地质学家发现了许多裸露的化石。
• He was a geologist,rated by his cronies as the best in the business.他是一位地质学家，被他的老朋友们看做是这门行当中最好的一位。

2 incandescent   

adj.遇热发光的， 白炽的，感情强烈的

参考例句：

• The incandescent lamp we use in daily life was invented by Edison.我们日常生活中用的白炽灯，是爱迪生发明的。
• The incandescent quality of his words illuminated the courage of his countrymen.他炽热的语言点燃了他本国同胞的勇气。

3 metaphorical   

a.隐喻的，比喻的

参考例句：

• Here, then, we have a metaphorical substitution on a metonymic axis. 这样，我们在换喻（者翻译为转喻，一种以部分代替整体的修辞方法）上就有了一个隐喻的替代。
• So, in a metaphorical sense, entropy is arrow of time. 所以说，我们可以这样作个比喻：熵像是时间之矢。

4 geologists   

地质学家，地质学者( geologist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Geologists uncovered the hidden riches. 地质学家发现了地下的宝藏。
• Geologists study the structure of the rocks. 地质学家研究岩石结构。

5 frustrating   

adj.产生挫折的，使人沮丧的，令人泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的现在分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧

参考例句：

• It's frustrating to have to wait so long. 要等这么长时间，真令人懊恼。
• It was a demeaning and ultimately frustrating experience. 那是一次有失颜面并且令人沮丧至极的经历。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 antiquity   

n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹

参考例句：

• The museum contains the remains of Chinese antiquity.博物馆藏有中国古代的遗物。
• There are many legends about the heroes of antiquity.有许多关于古代英雄的传说。