万物简史 第94期:敲石头的人们(19)

 Although there was no reliable way of dating periods, there was no shortage of people willing to try. The most well known early attempt was in 1650 when Archbishop James Ussher of the Church of Ireland made a careful study of the Bible and other historical sources and concluded, in a hefty tome called Annals of the Old Testament¹, that the Earth had been created at midday on October 23, 4004B.C., an assertion that has amused historians and textbook writers ever since.

虽然没有可靠的方法来确定年代，却不乏愿意试一试的人。1650年，爱尔兰教会的詹姆斯·厄舍大主教进行了早年最著名的尝试。他对《圣经》和其他历史资料进行了仔细的研究，最后在一部名叫《旧约编年史》的巨著中下结论说，地球创造于公元前4004年10月23日中午。后来，历史学家和教科书作者一直把这个日期当做笑料。

Although virtually all books find a space for him, there is a striking variability in the details associated with Ussher. Some books say he made his pronouncement in 1650, others in 1654, still others in 1664. Many cite the date of Earth's reputed beginning as October 26. The matter is interestingly surveyed in Stephen Jay Gould's Eight Little Piggies.

尽管几乎所有的书都对厄舍有记述，但是关于他的一些详细事迹的记载尚有明显差异。有部分书称他上文的结论宣布于1650年，有的说是1654年，还有的是1664年。很多人认为普遍公认的地球初试日是10月26日。 这个说法来源于史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德的《八头小猪》一书中的一个有趣的调查。

There is a persistent² myth, incidentally—and one propounded³ in many serious books—that Ussher's views dominated scientific beliefs well into the nineteenth century, and that it was Lyell who put everyone straight. Stephen Jay Gould, in Time's Arrow, cites as a typical example this sentence from a popular book of the 1980s: "Until Lyell published his book, most thinking people accepted the idea that the earth was young." In fact, no. As Martin J. S. Rudwick puts it, "No geologist⁴ of any nationality whose work was taken seriously by other geologists⁵ advocated a timescale confined within the limits of a literalistic exegesis⁶ of Genesis."

顺便提一句，有个很久不灭的神话——它在许多严肃的书里都提到过——厄舍的观点主宰了科学界，直到19世纪的很长时间里。是莱尔把这一切纠正了过来。作为一个典型例子，斯蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德在《时代之箭》中引用了20世纪80年代一本很热门的书里的一句话："在莱尔出版他的书以前，大多数思想家都接受了这种看法，即地球还很年轻。"实际并非如此。正如马丁·J.S.鲁迪克说的，“哪个国家的地质学家也不会主张把时标限死在《创世记》拘泥于字面意义的诠注的范围之内，要是他的作品被别的地质学家认真对待的话”。

Even the Reverend Buckland, as pious⁷ a soul as the nineteenth century produced, noted⁸ that nowhere did the Bible suggest that God made Heaven and Earth on the first day, but merely "in the beginning." That beginning, he reasoned, may have lasted "millions upon millions of years." Everyone agreed that the Earth was ancient. The question was simply how ancient.

连巴克兰牧师这样一位19世纪很虔诚的人也认为，《圣经》里哪个地方也没有提到上帝是在第一天创造天地的，只是提到“起初”。他认为，那个开始也许持续了“几百几千万年”。大家都认为地球已经很古老。问题只在于：古老到什么程度？

1 testament   

n.遗嘱；证明

参考例句：

• This is his last will and testament.这是他的遗愿和遗嘱。
• It is a testament to the power of political mythology.这说明，编造政治神话可以产生多大的威力。

2 persistent   

adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的

参考例句：

• Albert had a persistent headache that lasted for three days.艾伯特连续头痛了三天。
• She felt embarrassed by his persistent attentions.他不时地向她大献殷勤，使她很难为情。

3 propounded   

v.提出（问题、计划等）供考虑[讨论]，提议( propound的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• the theory of natural selection, first propounded by Charles Darwin 查尔斯∙达尔文首先提出的物竞天择理论
• Indeed it was first propounded by the ubiquitous Thomas Young. 实际上，它是由尽人皆知的杨氏首先提出来的。 来自辞典例句

4 geologist   

n.地质学家

参考例句：

• The geologist found many uncovered fossils in the valley.在那山谷里，地质学家发现了许多裸露的化石。
• He was a geologist,rated by his cronies as the best in the business.他是一位地质学家，被他的老朋友们看做是这门行当中最好的一位。

5 geologists   

地质学家，地质学者( geologist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Geologists uncovered the hidden riches. 地质学家发现了地下的宝藏。
• Geologists study the structure of the rocks. 地质学家研究岩石结构。

6 exegesis   

n.注释，解释

参考例句：

• An allegorical exegesis of scripture supported these views.一个寓言圣经注释支持这些观点。
• Within this context,Fraser is capable of exegesis that goes beyond the obvious.在这一背景下，弗雷泽能够作些富有新意的诠释。

7 pious   

adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的

参考例句：

• Alexander is a pious follower of the faith.亚历山大是个虔诚的信徒。
• Her mother was a pious Christian.她母亲是一个虔诚的基督教徒。

8 noted   

adj.著名的，知名的

参考例句：

• The local hotel is noted for its good table.当地的那家酒店以餐食精美而著称。
• Jim is noted for arriving late for work.吉姆上班迟到出了名。