无人驾驶汽车如何处置险情

 　　Today I have been both murderous and merciful.

　　今天，我既凶残又仁慈。

　　I have deliberately¹ mown down pensioners² and a pack of dogs.

　　我故意杀死了领取养老金者和几条狗。

　　I have ploughed into the homeless, slain³ a couple of athletes and run over the obese⁴.

　　我撞了无家可归者，杀死了两名运动员，轧过了肥胖者。

　　无人驾驶汽车如何处置险情

　　But I have always tried to save the children.

　　但是，我始终努力救孩子。

　　As I finish my session on the Moral Machine — a public experiment being run by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology — I learn that my moral outlook is not universally shared.

　　我在道德机器(Moral Machine)——麻省理工学院(MIT)运行的一项公开实验——上完成测试后发现，我的道德观跟很多人不一样。

　　Some argue that aggregating⁵ public opinions on ethical⁶ dilemmas⁸ is an effective way to endow intelligent machines, such as driverless cars, with limited moral reasoning capacity.

　　有些人辩称，在道德困境上把公众意见汇集到一起，是向无人驾驶汽车等智能机器赋予有限道德推理能力的有效手段。

　　Yet after my experience, I am not convinced that crowdsourcing is the best way to develop what is essentially⁹ the ethics¹⁰ of killing¹¹ people.

　　然而，在测试之后，我不相信众包是形成杀戮道德（本质上就是这么回事）的最佳途径。

　　The question is not purely¹² academic: Tesla is being sued in China over the death of a driver of a car equipped with its semi-autonomous¹³ autopilot.

　　这个问题并不单纯是学术层面的：一辆配备半自动式Autopilot的特斯拉(Tesla)汽车的驾车者死亡，导致该公司在中国被起诉。

　　Tesla denies the technology was at fault.

　　特斯拉否认那起事故的过错在于该项技术。

　　Anyone with a computer and a coffee break can contribute to MIT’s mass experiment, which imagines the brakes failing on a fully¹⁴ autonomous vehicle.

　　任何人只要有台电脑，利用咖啡时间就可以参加麻省理工学院的大众实验。

　　The vehicle is packed with passengers, and heading towards pedestrians¹⁵.

　　该实验想象一辆全自动驾驶汽车的刹车失灵。这辆车载满了乘客，正朝行人开过去。

　　The experiment depicts¹⁶ 13 variations of the trolley¹⁷ problem — a classic dilemma⁷ in ethics that involves deciding who will die under the wheels of a runaway¹⁸ tram.

　　实验给出了这一无轨电车难题的13个版本。这是一个经典的道德难题，需要决定谁将死于一辆失控电车的车轮之下。

　　In MIT’s reformulation, the runaway is a self-driving car that can keep to its path or swerve¹⁹; both mean death and destruction.

　　在麻省理工学院的重新设计中，失控的是一辆自动驾驶汽车，它既可以按原来路线行驶，也可以急转弯；两种情形都会造成死亡和破坏。

　　The choice can be between passengers and pedestrians, or two sets of pedestrians.

　　被选对象可以是乘客或行人，或者两组行人。

　　Calculating who should perish involves pitting more lives against less, young against old, professionals against the homeless, pregnant women against athletes, humans against pets.

　　计算谁应送命，需要在较多生命和较少生命之间、年轻人和老年人之间、专业人士和无家可归者之间、怀孕女性和运动员之间，以及人类和宠物之间做出抉择。

　　At heart, the trolley problem is about deciding who lives, who dies — the kind of judgment²⁰ that truly autonomous vehicles may eventually make.

　　电车难题的核心是决定谁生、谁死——这正是真正自动驾驶的汽车最终或许要做出的那种判断。

　　My preferences are revealed afterwards: I mostly save children and sacrifice pets.

　　我的偏好在实验后被披露出来：基本上，我会救孩子，牺牲宠物。

　　Pedestrians who are not jaywalking are spared and passengers expended²¹.

　　没有乱穿马路的行人得以幸免，而乘客被牺牲了。

　　It is obvious: by choosing to climb into a driverless car, they should shoulder the burden of risk.

　　很明显：选择上一辆无人驾驶汽车的人，应当分担一部分风险。

　　As for my aversion to swerving²², should caution not dictate²³ that driverless cars are generally programmed to follow the road?

　　至于我不愿急转弯，难道谨慎没有意味着无人驾驶汽车的程序指令通常是沿道路行驶吗？

　　It is illuminating²⁴ — until you see how your preferences stack up against everyone else.

　　这很有启发意义——直到你看到自己的偏好跟其他所有人有多么不同。

　　In the business of life-saving, I fall short — especially when it comes to protecting car occupants.

　　我在救命这件事上做得不够好——尤其是在保护汽车乘员方面。

　　Upholding the law and not swerving seem more important to me than to others; the social status of my intended victims much less so.

　　相比其他事项，守法和避免急转弯似乎对我更重要一些；我选择的受害人的社会地位对我完全不重要。

　　We could argue over the technical aspects of dishing out death judiciously²⁵.

　　我们可能对于明智而审慎地分发死亡的技术方面争论不休。

　　For example, if we are to condemn²⁶ car occupants, would we go ahead regardless of whether the passengers are children or criminals?

　　例如，如果我们宣判汽车乘员死刑，那么无论乘客是孩子还是罪犯，我们都会照做不误吗？

　　But to fret²⁷ over such details would be pointless.

　　但是，为此类细节烦恼将是毫无意义的。

　　If anything, this experiment demonstrates the extreme difficulty of reaching a consensus²⁸ on the ethics of driverless cars.

　　如果说有任何收获的话，那就是这个实验证明，要在无人驾驶汽车的道德上达成共识是极其困难的。

　　Similar surveys show that the utilitarian²⁹ ideal of saving the greatest number of lives works pretty well for most people as long as they are not the roadkill.

　　类似调查显示，对大多数人而言，救下最多条命这个功利主义观念合情合理——只要他们自己不在车轮下丧生。

　　I am pessimistic that we can simply pool our morality and subscribe³⁰ to a norm — because, at least for me, the norm is not normal

　　我对于只是把大家的道德集合到一起、然后遵守一个规范感到很悲观，因为，至少在我看来，这个规范不是正常的。

　　This is the hurdle³¹ faced by makers³² of self-driving cars, which promise safer roads overall by reducing human error: who will buy a vehicle run on murderous algorithms they do not agree with, let alone a car programmed to sacrifice its occupants?

　　这是自动驾驶汽车厂商面临的障碍。他们承诺通过减少人类过错来提高整体道路安全，但是谁会购买一辆由他本人并不认可的杀戮算法操控的汽车呢？更别提程序设定牺牲车上乘客的汽车了。

　　It is the idea of premeditated killing that is most troubling.

　　最令人不安的正是这种预谋杀戮的构想。

　　That sensibility renders the death penalty widely unpalatable, and ensures abortion³³ and euthanasia remain contentious³⁴ areas of regulation.

　　那种敏感性让死刑普遍难以接受，并确保堕胎和安乐死仍是引起争议的监管领域。

　　Most of us, though, grudgingly³⁵ accept that accidents happen.

　　不过，我们大多数人咬牙接受事故可能发生。

　　Even with autonomous cars, there may be room for leaving some things to chance.

　　即便是自动驾驶汽车，或许也应该留下让某些事情听天由命的空间。

1 deliberately   

adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地

参考例句：

• The girl gave the show away deliberately.女孩故意泄露秘密。
• They deliberately shifted off the argument.他们故意回避这个论点。

2 pensioners   

n.领取退休、养老金或抚恤金的人( pensioner的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He intends to redistribute income from the middle class to poorer paid employees and pensioners. 他意图把中产阶级到低薪雇员和退休人员的收入做重新分配。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I am myself one of the pensioners upon the fund left by our noble benefactor. 我自己就是一个我们的高贵的施主遗留基金的养老金领取者。 来自辞典例句

3 slain   

杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词)

参考例句：

• The soldiers slain in the battle were burried that night. 在那天夜晚埋葬了在战斗中牺牲了的战士。
• His boy was dead, slain by the hand of the false Amulius. 他的儿子被奸诈的阿缪利乌斯杀死了。

4 obese   

adj.过度肥胖的，肥大的

参考例句：

• The old man is really obese,it can't be healthy.那位老人确实过于肥胖了，不能算是健康。
• Being obese and lazy is dangerous to health.又胖又懒危害健康。

5 aggregating   

总计达…( aggregate的现在分词 )； 聚集，集合； （使）聚集

参考例句：

• The thesis first promotes based Object Oriented Modeling method-Aggregating & Deriving Mothod. 本文首先提出了基于面向对象思想的建模方法——聚合派生法。
• Multidimensional data cubes are composed of base cube and other cubes aggregating on base cube. 多维立方体由基本立方体和基本立方体的聚集产生的立方体组成。

6 ethical   

adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的

参考例句：

• It is necessary to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.必须使青年具有高度的道德观念。
• It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。

7 dilemma   

n.困境，进退两难的局面

参考例句：

• I am on the horns of a dilemma about the matter.这件事使我进退两难。
• He was thrown into a dilemma.他陷入困境。

8 dilemmas   

n.左右为难( dilemma的名词复数 )；窘境，困境

参考例句：

• They dealt with their dilemmas by mixing perhaps unintentionally an explosive brew. 他们――也许是无意地――把爆炸性的佐料混合在一起，以此来应付困难处境。 来自辞典例句
• Ten years later we encountered the same dilemmas in Vietnam. 十年后，我们又在越南遇到了同样进退两难的局面。 来自辞典例句

9 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

10 ethics   

n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准

参考例句：

• The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
• Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。

11 killing   

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

• Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
• Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

12 purely   

adv.纯粹地，完全地

参考例句：

• I helped him purely and simply out of friendship.我帮他纯粹是出于友情。
• This disproves the theory that children are purely imitative.这证明认为儿童只会单纯地模仿的理论是站不住脚的。

13 autonomous   

adj.自治的；独立的

参考例句：

• They proudly declared themselves part of a new autonomous province.他们自豪地宣布成为新自治省的一部分。
• This is a matter that comes within the jurisdiction of the autonomous region.这件事是属于自治区权限以内的事务。

14 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

15 pedestrians   

n.步行者( pedestrian的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Several pedestrians had come to grief on the icy pavement. 几个行人在结冰的人行道上滑倒了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Pedestrians keep to the sidewalk [footpath]! 行人走便道。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

16 depicts   

描绘，描画( depict的第三人称单数 )； 描述

参考例句：

• The book vividly depicts French society of the 1930s. 这本书生动地描绘了20 世纪30 年代的法国社会。
• He depicts the sordid and vulgar sides of life exclusively. 他只描写人生肮脏和庸俗的一面。

17 trolley   

n.手推车，台车；无轨电车；有轨电车

参考例句：

• The waiter had brought the sweet trolley.侍者已经推来了甜食推车。
• In a library,books are moved on a trolley.在图书馆，书籍是放在台车上搬动的。

18 runaway   

n.逃走的人，逃亡，亡命者；adj.逃亡的，逃走的

参考例句：

• The police have not found the runaway to date.警察迄今没抓到逃犯。
• He was praised for bringing up the runaway horse.他勒住了脱缰之马受到了表扬。

19 swerve   

v.突然转向，背离；n．转向，弯曲，背离

参考例句：

• Nothing will swerve him from his aims.什么也不能使他改变目标。
• Her car swerved off the road into a 6ft high brick wall.她的车突然转向冲出了马路，撞向6英尺高的一面砖墙。

20 judgment   

n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见

参考例句：

• The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
• He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。

21 expended   

v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽

参考例句：

• She expended all her efforts on the care of home and children. 她把所有精力都花在料理家务和照顾孩子上。
• The enemy had expended all their ammunition. 敌人已耗尽所有的弹药。 来自《简明英汉词典》

22 swerving   

v.（使）改变方向，改变目的( swerve的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• It may stand as an example of the fitful swerving of his passion. 这是一个例子，说明他的情绪往往变化不定，忽冷忽热。 来自辞典例句
• Mrs Merkel would be foolish to placate her base by swerving right. 默克尔夫人如果为了安抚她的根基所在而转到右翼就太愚蠢了。 来自互联网

23 dictate   

v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令

参考例句：

• It took him a long time to dictate this letter.口述这封信花了他很长时间。
• What right have you to dictate to others?你有什么资格向别人发号施令？

24 illuminating   

a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的

参考例句：

• We didn't find the examples he used particularly illuminating. 我们觉得他采用的那些例证启发性不是特别大。
• I found his talk most illuminating. 我觉得他的话很有启发性。

25 judiciously   

adv.明断地，明智而审慎地

参考例句：

• Let's use these intelligence tests judiciously. 让我们好好利用这些智力测试题吧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• His ideas were quaint and fantastic. She brought him judiciously to earth. 他的看法荒廖古怪，她颇有见识地劝他面对现实。 来自辞典例句

26 condemn   

vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑

参考例句：

• Some praise him,whereas others condemn him.有些人赞扬他，而有些人谴责他。
• We mustn't condemn him on mere suppositions.我们不可全凭臆测来指责他。

27 fret   

v.(使)烦恼；(使)焦急；(使)腐蚀，(使)磨损

参考例句：

• Don't fret.We'll get there on time.别着急，我们能准时到那里。
• She'll fret herself to death one of these days.她总有一天会愁死的.

28 consensus   

n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识

参考例句：

• Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我们能在这个问题上取得一致意见吗？
• What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午会议上一致的意见是什么？

29 utilitarian   

adj.实用的，功利的

参考例句：

• On the utilitarian side American education has outstridden the rest of the world.在实用方面美国教育已超越世界各国。
• A good cloth coat is more utilitarian than a fur one.一件优质的布外衣要比一件毛皮外衣更有用。

30 subscribe   

vi.(to)订阅，订购；同意；vt.捐助，赞助

参考例句：

• I heartily subscribe to that sentiment.我十分赞同那个观点。
• The magazine is trying to get more readers to subscribe.该杂志正大力发展新订户。

31 hurdle   

n.跳栏，栏架；障碍，困难；vi.进行跨栏赛

参考例句：

• The weather will be the biggest hurdle so I have to be ready.天气将会是最大的障碍，所以我必须要作好准备。
• She clocked 11.6 seconds for the 80 metre hurdle.八十米跳栏赛跑她跑了十一秒六。

32 makers   

n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式）

参考例句：

• The makers of the product assured us that there had been no sacrifice of quality. 这一产品的制造商向我们保证说他们没有牺牲质量。
• The makers are about to launch out a new product. 制造商们马上要生产一种新产品。 来自《简明英汉词典》

33 abortion   

n.流产，堕胎

参考例句：

• She had an abortion at the women's health clinic.她在妇女保健医院做了流产手术。
• A number of considerations have led her to have a wilful abortion.多种考虑使她执意堕胎。

34 contentious   

adj.好辩的，善争吵的

参考例句：

• She was really not of the contentious fighting sort.她委实不是好吵好闹的人。
• Since then they have tended to steer clear of contentious issues.从那时起，他们总想方设法避开有争议的问题。

35 grudgingly   

参考例句：

• He grudgingly acknowledged having made a mistake. 他勉强承认他做错了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Their parents unwillingly [grudgingly] consented to the marriage. 他们的父母无可奈何地应允了这门亲事。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》