VOA常速英语2016--如何根治暴力极端主义？

While military success against violent extremists is essential to security, it isn't enough to ensure that the terrorist threat will not just regroup, reconstitute, and resurface in the future.

"At the heart of Countering Violent Extremism," said U.S. Under Secretary for Civilian¹ Security, Democracy, and Human Rights Sarah Sewall, "is the recognition that military defeat of today's terrorists is not sufficient to kill the ideology² or address the broader factors needed to prevent new terrorists from emerging. In essence, CVE seeks to prevent the next generation of threats by helping³ the most vulnerable people and places resist terrorist recruitment and expansion."

One aspect of this approach is to promote good governance and halt state policies that fan radicalization to violence. When governments fail to protect their citizens and respect human rights, they breed anger and resentments⁴ that violent extremists exploit. Examples abound⁵: Boko Haram gained traction⁶ after Nigerian security forces suppressed peaceful protests and executed the group's founder⁷, Mohammed Yusuf, without trial. Al-Shabaab exploits heavy-handed tactics by Kenyan security forces to win over new recruits. And in Afghanistan, the Taliban rails against government corruption⁸ to replenish⁹ fighters each year. How governments treat their citizens has a profound impact on the scope of terrorist threats.

A second critical component¹⁰ of CVE is to build the resilience of vulnerable communities in which local leaders, parents, and peers know how to spot and address signs of terrorist radicalization; in which mentors¹¹ or institutions can offer powerful counter-arguments or provide alternative paths for those at risk; where communities build such resilience, terrorists groups will struggle to find new followers¹² and safe havens¹³.

The U.S. supports networks of women and girls around the world, including in South Asia to act when they see signs of terrorist radicalization in their neighborhoods. The United States helped establish the Strong Cities Network to connect mayors and local leaders across the globe to exchange what works – and what doesn't – in stifling¹⁴ terrorist recruitment.

Even as Daesh is losing ground and fighters on the battlefield, it is critical to remember that preventing the next generation of terrorists is every bit as important as defeating the current threat.

尽管针对暴力极端分子的军事打击对于维护安全来说十分必要，但仅有军事上的成功是无法确保今后恐怖威胁就不会再重新组成、重新设立、再次浮出水面的。

“反抗暴力极端主义（CVE，Countering Violent Extremism），”美国国务院主管公民安全、民主和人权事务的副国务卿说道，“反映了当下这样的认知：如今对恐怖分子的军事打击不足以消除恐怖主义的意识形态，也不足以解决防止新恐怖分子重新浮现的其他必要因素。本质上说，反抗暴力极端主义是通过帮助最脆弱无力的人和地区抵御恐怖主义的征募和扩张，从而阻止来自下一代的其他威胁。”

反抗暴力极端主义一是提升有效管理，停止实施会将极端主义助长为暴力行为的国家政策。政府如果无法保护自己的市民并尊重人权的话，就会滋生暴力极端分子乐见的愤恨怨怼。这样的例子不可胜数：在尼日利亚安保部队多次镇压和平抗议并在未经审讯的情况下未处决了抗议群体创建者Mohammed Yusuf后，博科圣地就借此造势；伊斯兰青年党利用肯尼亚安保部队的暴力手段而赢得了新的成员；而阿富汗的塔利班组织每年都能通过谴责政府腐败的方式补充新的战士。（由此可见，）政府对待市民的方式对恐怖威胁范围的影响是深远的。

反抗暴力极端主义第二个重要方面是加强各个脆弱社群的抵抗力，让当地社群的领袖、家长、年龄相仿的人都知道如何识别并解决恐怖注意极端化；让导师或机构提供强有力的反恐论据或为濒临误入歧途的人们指明其他道路；即便在有抵抗力的社群中，恐怖组织还是会极力寻找新的跟随者和避风港。

美国支持全球女性组建网络，包括南亚也加入进来，在看到社区中有恐怖主义极端化现象的时候行动起来。美国助力成立了“强大城市网络”，将全球各地的市长和当地领导人连结起来，讨论有效和无效的举措，以粉碎恐怖主义拉拢新人的行动。

尽管伊斯兰国在战场上节节败退、损兵折将，但牢记阻止下一代恐怖分子和击溃现有威胁同等重要一事是非常关键的。

1 civilian   

adj.平民的，民用的，民众的

参考例句：

• There is no reliable information about civilian casualties.关于平民的伤亡还没有确凿的信息。
• He resigned his commission to take up a civilian job.他辞去军职而从事平民工作。

2 ideology   

n.意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识

参考例句：

• The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
• The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。

3 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

4 resentments   

（因受虐待而）愤恨，不满，怨恨( resentment的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He could never transcend his resentments and his complexes. 他从来不能把他的怨恨和感情上的症结置之度外。
• These local resentments burst into open revolt. 地方性反感变成公开暴动。

5 abound   

vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于

参考例句：

• Oranges abound here all the year round.这里一年到头都有很多橙子。
• But problems abound in the management of State-owned companies.但是在国有企业的管理中仍然存在不少问题。

6 traction   

n.牵引；附着摩擦力

参考例句：

• I'll show you how the traction is applied.我会让你看如何做这种牵引。
• She's injured her back and is in traction for a month.她背部受伤，正在作一个月的牵引治疗。

7 Founder   

n.创始者，缔造者

参考例句：

• He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
• According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说，罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。

8 corruption   

n.腐败，堕落，贪污

参考例句：

• The people asked the government to hit out against corruption and theft.人民要求政府严惩贪污盗窃。
• The old man reviled against corruption.那老人痛斥了贪污舞弊。

9 replenish   

vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满

参考例句：

• I always replenish my food supply before it is depleted.我总是在我的食物吃完之前加以补充。
• We have to import an extra 4 million tons of wheat to replenish our reserves.我们不得不额外进口四百万吨小麦以补充我们的储备。

10 component   

n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的

参考例句：

• Each component is carefully checked before assembly.每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查。
• Blade and handle are the component parts of a knife.刀身和刀柄是一把刀的组成部分。

11 mentors   

n.（无经验之人的）有经验可信赖的顾问( mentor的名词复数 )v.（无经验之人的）有经验可信赖的顾问( mentor的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Beacham and McNamara, my two mentors, had both warned me. 我的两位忠实朋友，比彻姆和麦克纳马拉都曾经警告过我。 来自辞典例句
• These are the kinds of contacts that could evolve into mentors. 这些人是可能会成为你导师。 来自互联网

12 followers   

追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件

参考例句：

• the followers of Mahatma Gandhi 圣雄甘地的拥护者
• The reformer soon gathered a band of followers round him. 改革者很快就获得一群追随者支持他。

13 havens   

n.港口，安全地方( haven的名词复数 )v.港口，安全地方( haven的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Your twenty havens would back out at the last minute anyhow. 你那二十个避难所到了最后一分钟也要不认帐。 来自辞典例句
• Using offshore havens to avoid taxes and investor protections. 使用海面的港口避免税和投资者保护。 来自互联网

14 stifling   

a.令人窒息的

参考例句：

• The weather is stifling. It looks like rain. 今天太闷热，光景是要下雨。
• We were stifling in that hot room with all the windows closed. 我们在那间关着窗户的热屋子里，简直透不过气来。