VOA常速英语2019--阿富汗和巴基斯坦缺乏清洁的水，阻碍了根除脊髓灰质炎

Lack of Clean Water Impeding¹ Eradicating² Polio in Afghanistan and Pakistan

Administering the polio vaccine³ is a simple procedure, but in parts of the world, vaccinators risk their lives to protect children from lifelong paralysis⁴.

接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗是一个简单的程序，但在世界上的一些地方，疫苗接种者冒着生命危险来保护儿童免受终身瘫痪。

Earlier this year, vaccinations⁶ stopped during a tribal⁷ protest in Pakistan, polio workers were attacked, harassed⁸ and killed after anti-vaccine rumors⁹ spread on social mediaand as a result the number of polio cases increased.

今年早些时候，巴基斯坦部落抗议停止了疫苗接种，反疫苗的谣言在社交媒体上传播后，脊髓灰质炎工作人员遭到攻击、骚扰和杀害，导致脊髓灰质炎病例数量增加。

Yet despite the dangers, many workers persist in their efforts to end polio.

然而，尽管存在这些危险，许多工作人员仍坚持不懈地努力消灭脊髓灰质炎。 

It mostly affects children 5 and under.

它主要影响五岁及五岁以下儿童。 

And since 1988, when the global effort to eradicate¹⁰ polio started, the number of cases has declined by 99.9%.

自一九八八年全球根除脊髓灰质炎的努力开始以来，病例数下降了百分之九十九点九。 

2018 only two countries Pakistan and Afghanistan reported cases of the wild polio virus.

二零一八年，只有巴基斯坦和阿富汗报告了野生脊髓灰质炎病毒病例。 

In Pakistan and Afghanistan, clean water is hard to come by, making it harder to eradicate the virus.

在巴基斯坦和阿富汗，干净的水很难获得，这使得根除病毒更加困难。 

It spreads through tainted¹¹ water and because of poor hygiene¹².

而且由于不卫生，它通过受污染的水传播。 

That two samples are telling us that there is a polio virus around that’s a danger sign, that is a red line,and it can only be circumvented¹³ when we are giving polio drops to everybody around.

那两个国家的样本告诉我们周围有脊髓灰质炎病毒这是一个危险的信号，这是一条红线，只有当我们给周围的每个人注射脊髓灰质炎疫苗时，它才能被绕过。

To prevent children from getting polio, they need to be vaccinated¹⁵ and revaccinated especially where there’s poor sanitation¹⁶.

为了防止儿童感染脊髓灰质炎，他们需要接种疫苗，尤其是在卫生条件差的地方需要复种。 

In those environments with frequent infections, about 15 times doses is what is considered adequate.

在那些频繁感染的环境中，大约十五倍的剂量就足够了。 

One of the problems in Pakistan and Afghanistan is getting to the children.

巴基斯坦和阿富汗的问题之一是涉及到儿童。 

Many families migrate back and forth¹⁷ between the countries, making it hard to vaccinate¹⁴ every single child.

许多家庭在这些国家之间来回搬家，使得很难给每个孩子接种疫苗。 

The virus was in one country and both countries need to work together and they’re increasingly doing that,

病毒在一个国家，并且两国需要合作，而且他们正在越来越多地这样做， 

and sharing data and coordinating¹⁸ dates for vaccination⁵ campaigns and sharing surveillance data and all of that is having is having an impact.

共享数据，协调疫苗接种活动的日期，共享监测数据，所有这些都产生了影响。 

The goal is to end transmission of the wild polio virus.

目标是结束野生脊髓灰质炎病毒的传播。 

There’s no set end date but getting to the end is essential.

没有固定的结束日期，但是到达终点是至关重要的。 

Unless you get to zero cases because it’s such a contagious¹⁹ disease and an epidemic²⁰ prone²¹ disease we run the risk that it will spread again globally.

除非没有病例，因为这是一种传染性疾病，是一种容易流行的疾病，我们面临着它将再次在全球传播的风险。

Success is by no means assured, but the Global Polio Eradication²² Initiative intends to continue its campaign until no child ever again gets polio.

虽然不能确保取得成功，但全球根除脊髓灰质炎行动计划打算继续其运动，直到不再有儿童患脊髓灰质炎为止。

1 impeding   

a.(尤指坏事)即将发生的，临近的

参考例句：

• Fallen rock is impeding the progress of rescue workers. 坠落的石头阻滞了救援人员的救援进程。
• Is there sufficient room for the kiosk and kiosk traffic without impeding other user traffic? 该环境下是否有足够的空间来摆放信息亭？信息亭是否会妨碍交通或者行走？ 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓

2 eradicating   

摧毁，完全根除( eradicate的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Objective: To study the acute and chronic toxicity of Ten-flavor-acne eradicating-capsule. 目的：探讨复方中药合剂十味平痤胶囊的急性及慢性毒性。
• We are on the verge of eradicating polio in the world. 我们已在世界消除小儿？痹症的边缘了。

3 vaccine   

n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的

参考例句：

• The polio vaccine has saved millions of lives.脊髓灰质炎疫苗挽救了数以百万计的生命。
• She takes a vaccine against influenza every fall.她每年秋季接种流感疫苗。

4 paralysis   

n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症)

参考例句：

• The paralysis affects his right leg and he can only walk with difficulty.他右腿瘫痪步履维艰。
• The paralysis affects his right leg and he can only walk with difficulty.他右腿瘫痪步履维艰。

5 vaccination   

n.接种疫苗，种痘

参考例句：

• Vaccination is a preventive against smallpox.种痘是预防天花的方法。
• Doctors suggest getting a tetanus vaccination every ten years.医生建议每十年注射一次破伤风疫苗。

6 vaccinations   

n.种痘，接种( vaccination的名词复数 )；牛痘疤

参考例句：

• Vaccinations ensure one against diseases. 接种疫苗可以预防疾病。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I read some publicity about vaccinations while waiting my turn at the doctor's. 在医生那儿候诊时，我读了一些关于接种疫苗的宣传。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 tribal   

adj.部族的，种族的

参考例句：

• He became skilled in several tribal lingoes.他精通几种部族的语言。
• The country was torn apart by fierce tribal hostilities.那个国家被部落间的激烈冲突弄得四分五裂。

8 harassed   

adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He has complained of being harassed by the police. 他投诉受到警方侵扰。
• harassed mothers with their children 带着孩子的疲惫不堪的母亲们

9 rumors   

n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷

参考例句：

• Rumors have it that the school was burned down. 有谣言说学校给烧掉了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Rumors of a revolt were afloat. 叛变的谣言四起。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 eradicate   

v.根除，消灭，杜绝

参考例句：

• These insects are very difficult to eradicate.这些昆虫很难根除。
• They are already battling to eradicate illnesses such as malaria and tetanus.他们已经在努力消灭疟疾、破伤风等疾病。

11 tainted   

adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏

参考例句：

• The administration was tainted with scandal. 丑闻使得政府声名狼藉。
• He was considered tainted by association with the corrupt regime. 他因与腐败政府有牵连而名誉受损。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 hygiene   

n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic）

参考例句：

• Their course of study includes elementary hygiene and medical theory.他们的课程包括基础卫生学和医疗知识。
• He's going to give us a lecture on public hygiene.他要给我们作关于公共卫生方面的报告。

13 circumvented   

v.设法克服或避免（某事物），回避( circumvent的过去式和过去分词 )；绕过，绕行，绕道旅行

参考例句：

• By such means the ban against dancing was circumvented. 这样，舞蹈就不至于被禁止。 来自英汉非文学 - 民俗
• It can therefore be circumvented by address manipulation and explicit type conversion. 因而可以通过地址操纵和显式型别转换来绕过此保护功能。 来自互联网

14 vaccinate   

vt.给…接种疫苗；种牛痘

参考例句：

• Local health officials then can plan the best times to vaccinate people.这样，当地的卫生官员就可以安排最佳时间给人们接种疫苗。
• Doctors vaccinate us so that we do not catch smallpox.医生给我们打预防针使我们不会得天花。

15 vaccinated   

[医]已接种的，种痘的，接种过疫菌的

参考例句：

• I was vaccinated against tetanus. 我接种了破伤风疫苗。
• Were you vaccinated against smallpox as a child? 你小时候打过天花疫苗吗？

16 sanitation   

n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备

参考例句：

• The location is exceptionally poor,viewed from the sanitation point.从卫生角度来看，这个地段非常糟糕。
• Many illnesses are the result,f inadequate sanitation.许多疾病都来源于不健全的卫生设施。

17 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

18 coordinating   

v.使协调，使调和( coordinate的现在分词 )；协调；协同；成为同等

参考例句：

• He abolished the Operations Coordinating Board and the Planning Board. 他废除了行动协调委员会和计划委员会。 来自辞典例句
• He's coordinating the wedding, and then we're not going to invite him? 他是来协调婚礼的，难道我们不去请他？ 来自电影对白

19 contagious   

adj.传染性的，有感染力的

参考例句：

• It's a highly contagious infection.这种病极易传染。
• He's got a contagious laugh.他的笑富有感染力。

20 epidemic   

n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的

参考例句：

• That kind of epidemic disease has long been stamped out.那种传染病早已绝迹。
• The authorities tried to localise the epidemic.当局试图把流行病限制在局部范围。

21 prone   

adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的

参考例句：

• Some people are prone to jump to hasty conclusions.有些人往往作出轻率的结论。
• He is prone to lose his temper when people disagree with him.人家一不同意他的意见,他就发脾气。

22 eradication   

n.根除

参考例句：

• The eradication of an established infestation is not easy. 根除昆虫蔓延是不容易的。
• This is often required for intelligent control and eradication. 这经常需要灵巧的控制与消除。