2019年经济学人 印尼经济—基础设施建立之后(1)

 

Victoriaopai, a teacher in a remote part of West Kalimantan, Indonesia's slice of Borneo,

Victoriaopai是印尼婆罗洲西加里曼丹岛某偏远地区的一名老师，

is charmed by the new road connecting her school to Putussibau, the nearest town.

连接她所在学校和最近小镇普图西包的那条新公路让她着迷。

It is smooth, reasonably straight and cuts through swathes of jungle.

这条公平坦笔直，途中还穿过了大片的丛林。

It used to take three hours to get into town, she says. Now it takes 40 minutes.

她说以前需要三个小时才能进城。现在只需40分钟。

Over the past five years new roads, airports and railways have popped up across Indonesia.

过去5年里，印尼各地建了新的公路、机场和铁路。

Reviving its ailing¹ infrastructure² was a pledge of Joko Widodo, the president, known as Jokowi, during his first term.

重振破旧的基础设施是佐科·维多多总统（也称Jokowi）在第一任期时的承诺。

Along with poverty-reduction measures, it helped him win re-election on April 17th.

加上扶贫措施，这帮助他在4月17日赢得连任。

In his first term Indonesia grew by 5.1% annually³;

在他的第一个任期，印尼经济年增长5.1%；

last year the IMF said ambitious economic reforms could enable Indonesia to grow at 6.5% by 2022.

去年IMF称雄心勃勃的经济改革有望使印尼经济在2022年前增长6.5%。

Jokowi promises to improve "human resources", meaning education and the quality of the labour force.

维多多承诺改善“人力资源”，指的是劳动力的教育和质量。

In a speech on April 30th he talked about "upskilling" Indonesia.

在4月30日的一次演讲中，他谈到了通过培训等方式提高印尼人的工作技能。

In 2003 the constitution was amended⁴ to require the government to spend 20% of its budget on education.

在2003年，修改后的宪法要求政府将其预算的20%用于教育。

Previously⁵ it had spent about half that. And the share of 13- to 18-year-olds enrolled⁶ in school has risen over the past two decades, to 88%.

此前，教育开支仅为约10%。在过去两年中，13到18岁人群的入学率增长至88%。

But outcomes are poor. Over half of those who finish school are functionally⁷ illiterate⁸.

但结果很糟糕。其中超过一半的毕业生是功能性文盲。

Between 2003 and 2015 Indonesia's scores in the PISA tests run by the OECD, a think-tank of 36 countries, improved only slightly.

在2003年到2015年间，印尼在由OECD（一个由36国组成的智囊团）组织的PISA测试中的得分只是略有提高。

In 2015 it came 64th out of 70 countries in the organisation's rankings of 15-year-olds in literacy.

2015年，该组织对70个国家的15岁儿童的读写能力进行排名，该国仅排在64位。

The problem, says Daniel Suryadarma of the SMERU Research Institute in Jakarta,

雅加达印尼社会监督和预警研究所的Daniel Suryadarma表示，

is not how much money goes on education, but how it is spent.

问题不在于花了多少钱在教育上，而在于怎么花。

Though half of the extra funding went on teachers' salaries, pay rises were not tied to performance, so there was no impact on attainment⁹.

尽管有一半的额外资金花在了教师工资上，但加薪与工作表现无关，所以这对成绩没有影响。

Meanwhile, facilities are threadbare. Half of primary schools have no electricity.

同时，教育设施也很破旧。一半的小学没通电。

Shoddy schooling¹⁰ makes it hard for people to find jobs. Red tape makes it harder still.

劣质的学校教育使人们很难找到工作。繁文缛节使这更加困难。

According to the World Bank's "ease of doing business" ranking, Indonesia has the world's third-highest severance¹¹ pay.

根据世界银行的“经商环境”排名，印尼印尼拥有世界第三高的离职金。

An employee dismissed after a year is entitled to four months' pay.

一年后被解雇的员工有权获得四个月的工资。

Since it is expensive for firms to shed workers in lean times, they are reluctant to hire in good ones.

由于在不景气时期，公司裁员成本昂贵，所以在繁荣时期，他们不愿招聘。

Pricey severance also helps explain why 60% of Indonesian employees work in the informal sector¹²,

昂贵的离职金也帮助解释了为什么60%的印尼员工会在非正规部门工作，

and why many of those who do not are on temporary, rolling contracts.

以及为什么很多正规部门员工签的是临时滚动合同。

1 ailing   

v.生病

参考例句：

• They discussed the problems ailing the steel industry. 他们讨论了困扰钢铁工业的问题。
• She looked after her ailing father. 她照顾有病的父亲。

2 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

3 annually   

adv.一年一次，每年

参考例句：

• Many migratory birds visit this lake annually.许多候鸟每年到这个湖上作短期逗留。
• They celebrate their wedding anniversary annually.他们每年庆祝一番结婚纪念日。

4 Amended   

adj. 修正的 动词amend的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He asked to see the amended version. 他要求看修订本。
• He amended his speech by making some additions and deletions. 他对讲稿作了些增删修改。

5 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

6 enrolled   

adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起

参考例句：

• They have been studying hard from the moment they enrolled. 从入学时起，他们就一直努力学习。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He enrolled with an employment agency for a teaching position. 他在职业介绍所登了记以谋求一个教师的职位。 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 functionally   

adv.机能上地，官能地

参考例句：

• Objective To explore occlusion reconstruction by computer aided design (CAD) with functionally-generated pathway (FGP). 目的探索借助功能性？记录(functionally-generated pathway,FGP)技术进行口腔固定修复体计算机辅助设计(Computer aided Design,CAD)生理性建？的方法。 来自互联网
• In this respect, the proceeding was functionally similar to a comparative licensing adjudication. 在这一点上，手续在作用上即类似于比较许可证发放的裁断。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法

8 illiterate   

adj.文盲的；无知的；n.文盲

参考例句：

• There are still many illiterate people in our country.在我国还有许多文盲。
• I was an illiterate in the old society,but now I can read.我这个旧社会的文盲，今天也认字了。

9 attainment   

n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣

参考例句：

• We congratulated her upon her attainment to so great an age.我们祝贺她高寿。
• The attainment of the success is not easy.成功的取得并不容易。

10 schooling   

n.教育；正规学校教育

参考例句：

• A child's access to schooling varies greatly from area to area.孩子获得学校教育的机会因地区不同而大相径庭。
• Backward children need a special kind of schooling.天赋差的孩子需要特殊的教育。

11 severance   

n.离职金；切断

参考例句：

• Those laid off received their regular checks,plus vacation and severance pay.那些被裁的人都收到他们应得的薪金，再加上假期和解职的酬金。Kirchofer was terminated,effective immediately--without severance or warning.科奇弗被解雇了，立刻生效--而且没有辞退费或者警告。

12 sector   

n.部门，部分；防御地段，防区；扇形

参考例句：

• The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
• The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。