2021年经济学人 奥运VS药物(8)

Living at high altitude is popular, since lower oxygen levels there boost red-bloodcell counts in a natural way—which, in contradistinction to chemical means, is permitted.

生活在高海拔地区是很受欢迎的，因为那里的低氧水平能够以一种自然的方式增加红细胞的数量，这和化学方法不同，这是被允许的。

It also makes it harder to interpret ABP results, leaving room for chemical enhancement as well. Remote places, moreover, are harder for out-of-competition testers to reach.

同时它还使得对运动员生物护照(ABP)结果的解释更加困难，为化学增强留下了空间。此外，赛外测试人员很难到达偏远地区。

Another option is to get advanced warning of out-of-competition testing from corrupt¹ or sympathetic officials.

另一种选择是提前从腐败或容易策反的官员那里收到赛外检测的警告。

Asbel Kiprop is a Kenyan runner banned in 2019 for failing an EPO test.

阿斯贝尔·基普罗斯是一名肯尼亚跑步运动员，因未能通过EPO测试而于2019年被禁赛。

He told the AIU he had often been warned of supposedly unannounced tests.

他告诉田径诚信委员会(AIU)他能够收到有关秘密测试的情报信息。

Tip-offs give athletes time to dilute² their blood, or to wait for microdosed drugs to clear their bodies.

这让运动员有时间稀释血液，或者等待微剂量药物清理身体。

If all else fails, they can simply hide in a cupboard when the testers come knocking.

如果这些办法都没有奏效，那么他们可以在测试者上门时躲在橱柜里。

If elite³ athletes go AWOL too often, they can be sanctioned. But as a fail-safe, it can be a useful tactic⁴.

如果精英运动员经常擅自离开，他们会受到处罚。但作为一种保险措施，这可能是一种有用的策略。

"The principle", says Dr Tucker, "is never take a test you won't pass."

塔克博士说：“原则是永远不要参加你通过不了的测试。”

WADA's task, meanwhile, is made harder by the fact that, unlike dopers, it must operate in the open, leaving its methods vulnerable to attack.

与此同时，由于测试必须公开进行，测试在明，兴奋剂使用者在暗，这使得测试方式很容易被钻空子，世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)的测试任务也变得更加艰巨。

One way to interpret official limits for some substances, says an observer, is as a sanctioned value up to which athletes can push.

一名观察人士表示，解读某些药物官方限制的一种方式是，将其视为运动员所能达到的认可值。

Natural variation between people means the allowable limits for some substances must be reasonably generous, leaving room for athletes to boost them artificially.

人与人之间的自然差异意味着某些药物的许可限度必须够大，从而为运动员人为地提高自己留下空间。

Such variations, says Dr Tucker, are one reason why the ABP, which tracks changes in an athlete's physiology⁵ over time, is difficult to apply to steroid doping.

塔克博士说，由于ABP追踪的是运动员的生理随时间的变化，所以这种自然差异是ABP难以应用于类固醇兴奋剂的原因之一。

Natural levels of steroid hormones⁶ vary widely between people.

类固醇激素的自然水平因人而异，且差别很大。

Even within an individual they can fluctuate sharply, depending on stress, sleep deprivation⁷ and the like.

甚至在个体内部，它们也会因压力、睡眠不足等因素而急剧波动。

And because a doping ban can be fatal to an athlete's career, anti-dopers must err⁸ on the side of caution.

由于禁药对运动员的职业生涯可能是致命的，反兴奋剂者必须慎之又慎。

WADA's processes are tuned⁹ to minimise the number of false positives, in which innocent athletes are wrongly accused.

为避免在假阳性中无辜的运动员被错误指控，世界反兴奋剂机构调整其程序以尽量减少假阳性的数量。

That means they will generate plenty of false negatives, in which the guilty are incorrectly cleared.

这意味着它们将产生大量的假阴性结果，其中有罪的人就成了漏网之鱼。

Money and national pride complicate¹⁰ things further.

金钱和民族自豪感使事情变得更加复杂。

Though WADA oversees¹¹ the anti-doping system for many sports, it relies on national authorities to do most of the legwork.

虽然世界反兴奋剂机构监督许多体育项目的反兴奋剂系统，但它需要依靠国家当局来做大部分的跑腿工作。

"Many countries have really improved their approach to anti-doping over the past few years," says Dr Catlin. "But not everyone has the resources to do that."

卡特林博士说：“在过去几年里，许多国家确实改进了反兴奋剂方法，但并不是每个国家都有资源这么做。”

In 2013 Renee Anne Shirley, a former boss of the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission, said a lack of resources meant her organisation¹² had conducted only a single out-of-competition test in the months before the 2012 London Olympics, at which Jamaican athletes won a dozen medals.

2013年，牙买加反兴奋剂委员会前主席蕾妮·安妮·雪莉表示，由于资源缺乏，她的组织在2012年伦敦奥运会之前的几个月里只进行了一次赛外测试，而牙买加运动员在伦敦奥运会上赢得了12枚奖牌。

WADA itself is not exactly flush with cash. Its budget for 2021 is $40m—less than some individual athletes earn in a year.

世界反兴奋剂机构本身的现金也并不充裕。2021年它的预算是4000万美元——比一些运动员一年的收入还要少。

1 corrupt   

v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的

参考例句：

• The newspaper alleged the mayor's corrupt practices.那家报纸断言市长有舞弊行为。
• This judge is corrupt.这个法官贪污。

2 dilute   

vt.稀释，冲淡；adj.稀释的，冲淡的

参考例句：

• The water will dilute the wine.水能使酒变淡。
• Zinc displaces the hydrogen of dilute acids.锌置换了稀酸中的氢。

3 elite   

n.精英阶层；实力集团；adj.杰出的，卓越的

参考例句：

• The power elite inside the government is controlling foreign policy.政府内部的一群握有实权的精英控制着对外政策。
• We have a political elite in this country.我们国家有一群政治精英。

4 tactic   

n.战略，策略；adj.战术的，有策略的

参考例句：

• Reducing prices is a common sales tactic.降价是常用的销售策略。
• She had often used the tactic of threatening to resign.她惯用以辞职相威胁的手法。

5 physiology   

n.生理学，生理机能

参考例句：

• He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。

6 hormones   

n. 荷尔蒙，激素 名词hormone的复数形式

参考例句：

• This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
• The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。

7 deprivation   

n.匮乏；丧失；夺去，贫困

参考例句：

• Many studies make it clear that sleep deprivation is dangerous.多实验都证实了睡眠被剥夺是危险的。
• Missing the holiday was a great deprivation.错过假日是极大的损失。

8 err   

vi.犯错误，出差错

参考例句：

• He did not err by a hair's breadth in his calculation.他的计算结果一丝不差。
• The arrows err not from their aim.箭无虚发。

9 tuned   

adj.调谐的，已调谐的v.调音( tune的过去式和过去分词 )；调整；（给收音机、电视等）调谐；使协调

参考例句：

• The resort is tuned in to the tastes of young and old alike. 这个度假胜地适合各种口味，老少皆宜。
• The instruments should be tuned up before each performance. 每次演出开始前都应将乐器调好音。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 complicate   

vt.使复杂化，使混乱，使难懂

参考例句：

• There is no need to complicate matters.没有必要使问题复杂化。
• These events will greatly complicate the situation.这些事件将使局势变得极其复杂。

11 oversees   

v.监督，监视( oversee的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• She oversees both the research and the manufacturing departments. 她既监督研究部门又监督生产部门。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Department of Education oversees the federal programs dealing with education. 教育部监管处理教育的联邦程序。 来自互联网

12 organisation   

n.组织，安排，团体，有机休

参考例句：

• The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
• His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。