2021年经济学人 奥运VS药物(7)

The pipeline¹ of new drugs is unlikely to run dry, says Dr Cooper, for the human body contains hundreds of processes and chemical targets that might be tweaked to boost sporting performance.

库珀博士说，新药的生产线不太可能枯竭，因为人体内有数百个工序和化学指标，这些工序和指标可以通过调整来提高运动成绩。

There is often more than one biochemical way to achieve the desired effect.

达到预期效果的生化方法往往不止一种。

Rather than beefing up an athlete's muscles, another new class of drugs, myostatin inhibitors, slow the routine breakdown² of muscle tissue, offering an alternative way of increasing strength.

另一类新药，“肌抑素抑制剂”，它无法增强运动员的肌肉，而是通过减缓肌肉组织的常规分解来增强力量。

Cyclists, meanwhile, are rumoured³ to have been experimenting with a drug called AICAR, hoping it will help them lose weight while holding on to muscle mass.

与此同时，有传言称自行车手一直在试验一种名为AICAR的药物，希望能够在维持肌肉质量的前提下降低体重。

As with EPO, says Dr Tucker, the idea is to improve the all-important power-to-weight ratio— but by tinkering with the "weight" side of the equation instead of the "power" side.

塔克博士表示，与促红细胞生成素一样，这种方法的目的是提高能量体重比，这至关重要——不过是在等式的“重量”一侧而不是“能量”一侧进行修补。

Those who prefer to stick with the old favourites can simply try using less.

那些无法割舍旧爱的人可以尝试用一点点。

"Micro-dosing"—taking regular small doses instead of occasional big ones—ensures a drug will clear the body faster, making an athlete less likely to fail a test.

“微剂量”——定期小剂量服用，而不是偶尔大剂量服用——可以确保药物更快地清除体内的毒素，降低运动员在测试中失败的可能性。

New ways of administering old drugs help too.

新的使用老药的方法也有帮助。

In a book published last year Grigory Rodchenkov, a chemist who ran the laboratory in Moscow that was at the centre of the Russian doping scandal, recounts how he developed "Duchess",

在去年出版的一本书中，格里戈里·罗琴科夫讲述了他是如何开发出“公爵夫人”鸡尾酒的，

a whisky-based cocktail⁴ that included the steroids trenbolone, oxyandrolone and methenolone.

这是一种以威士忌为基础的鸡尾酒，含有steroids trenbolone、oxyandrolone和metholone。

The idea was that absorption directly through the tissues of the mouth would produce fewer telltale metabolites than injections or pills, and thus cut the risk of detection.

他们的想法是，直接通过口腔组织吸收会比注射或药片产生更少的代谢物，从而降低被检测到的风险。

Lower-tech strategies can work, too. One is to get a therapeutic⁵ use exemption⁶ (TUE)—a doctor's note saying you need a drug for medical reasons.

技术含量较低的策略也能奏效。一种是获得治疗用途豁免(TUE)——医生开具的证明，说明你出于医疗原因需要某种药物。

WADA insists that TUES are granted only after rigorous checks.

世界反兴奋剂机构坚持说，TUEs仅在严格检查后才会授予。

A paper from 2020 found no evidence that athletes with TUEs were more likely to win than others. But doubts persist.

2020年的一篇论文发现，没有证据表明带TUEs的运动员会比其他运动员更有可能获胜。不过疑虑依然存在。

In 2018 Britain's Parliament accused Team Sky, a cycling team, of using TUEs to help supply PEDS to riders. (They deny it.)

2018年，英国议会指责自行车队“天空队”利用TUEs向骑手提供兴奋剂。(他们否认。)

1 pipeline   

n.管道，管线

参考例句：

• The pipeline supplies Jordan with 15 per cent of its crude oil.该管道供给约旦15%的原油。
• A single pipeline serves all the houses with water.一条单管路给所有的房子供水。

2 breakdown   

n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌

参考例句：

• She suffered a nervous breakdown.她患神经衰弱。
• The plane had a breakdown in the air,but it was fortunately removed by the ace pilot.飞机在空中发生了故障，但幸运的是被王牌驾驶员排除了。

3 rumoured   

adj.谣传的；传说的；风

参考例句：

• It has been so rumoured here. 此间已有传闻。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• It began to be rumoured that the jury would be out a long while. 有人传说陪审团要退场很久。 来自英汉文学 - 双城记

4 cocktail   

n.鸡尾酒；餐前开胃小吃；混合物

参考例句：

• We invited some foreign friends for a cocktail party.我们邀请了一些外国朋友参加鸡尾酒会。
• At a cocktail party in Hollywood,I was introduced to Charlie Chaplin.在好莱坞的一次鸡尾酒会上，人家把我介绍给查理·卓别林。

5 therapeutic   

adj.治疗的，起治疗作用的；对身心健康有益的

参考例句：

• Therapeutic measures were selected to fit the patient.选择治疗措施以适应病人的需要。
• When I was sad,music had a therapeutic effect.我悲伤的时候，音乐有治疗效力。

6 exemption   

n.豁免，免税额，免除

参考例句：

• You may be able to apply for exemption from local taxes.你可能符合资格申请免除地方税。
• These goods are subject to exemption from tax.这些货物可以免税。