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TED演讲:生死自知(2)

时间:2018-10-27 04:36来源:互联网 提供网友:mapleleaf   字体: [ ]
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    (单词翻译:双击或拖选)

   And the bias1 I'm talking about  我这里说的偏误

  works like this:  是这么回事:
  Confront someone with the fact  某些人面对
  that they are going to die  他们终将会死去的现实
  and they will believe just about any story  他们只会相信
  that tells them it isn't true  告诉他们的任何故事都不会是真的
  and they can, instead, live forever,  他们可以永久的活着,
  even if it means taking the existential elevator.  即便乘坐可能存在的升降电梯。
  Now we can see this as the biggest bias of all.  现在我们可以将这个视为最大的偏误。
  It has been demonstrated in over 400  它已经被400多项
  empirical studies.  实证研究证明。
  Now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple.  这些研究设计的很精巧,但非常简单。
  They work like this.  它们像这样工作。
  You take two groups of people  你找两组
  who are similar in all relevant respects,  各个方面都很相似的人,
  and you remind one group that they're going to die  并且提醒一组人他们即将死去
  but not the other, then you compare their behavior.  而不告诉另一群人,然后比较他们的行为。
  So you're observing how it biases2 behavior  你会观察到
  when people become aware of their mortality.  当人们开始意识到他们大限将至,偏误行为是如何产生的。
  And every time, you get the same result:  并且你每次都能得到相同的结论:
  People who are made aware of their mortality  意识到会死亡的人
  are more willing to believe stories  更愿意相信那些
  that tell them they can escape death  告诉他们能够摆脱死亡
  and live forever.  并能长生不老的故事。
  So here's an example: One recent study  因此有下面这个例子:
  took two groups of agnostics,  找两组不可知论者,
  that is people who are undecided  这些人没有固定
  in their religious beliefs.  的宗教信仰。
  Now, one group was asked to think about being dead.  现在,其中一组被要求思考死亡。
  The other group was asked to think about  而另一种则被要求思考
  being lonely.  孤独。
  They were then asked again about their religious beliefs.  他们再次被问到他们的宗教信仰。
  Those who had been asked to think about being dead  那些被要求死亡的那组人
  were afterwards twice as likely to express faith  有两倍的可能性来表达
  in God and Jesus.  对上帝和耶稣的信仰。
  Twice as likely.  两倍的可能性。
  Even though the before they were all equally agnostic.  即使他们之前是同样的不可知论者。
  But put the fear of death in them,  但对死亡的恐惧摆在他们面前,
  and they run to Jesus.  他们会向耶稣靠拢。
  Now, this shows that reminding people of death  这表明向人们提醒死亡
  biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence,  会让他们忽视证据,使他们对所相信的事物产生偏误,
  and it works not just for religion,  他不仅仅影响到宗教,
  but for any kind of belief system  如果没有所有以
  that promises immortality3 in some form,  许诺在某种形式下永生的任何信仰制度,
  whether it's becoming famous  无论是否有名
  or having children  或有孩子
  or even nationalism,  甚至带民族主义形式,
  which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole.  承诺你能成为伟大的整体中的一员生活下去。
  This is a bias that has shaped  这样的偏误塑造了
  the course of human history.  人类的历史。
  Now, the theory behind this bias  目前,在这偏误背后
  in the over 400 studies  有超过400多项研究
  is called terror management theory,  被称之为恐惧管理理论,
  and the idea is simple. It's just this.  这个理论很简单,
  We develop our worldviews,  我们发展出我们的世界观。
  that is, the stories we tell ourselves  即我们告诉自己一个
  about the world and our place in it,  关于时间和我们所在地方的故事,
  in order to help us manage  以便帮助我们管理
  the terror of death.  对死亡的恐惧。
  And these immortality stories  而这些永生的故事
  have thousands of different manifestations,  有上千种不同的表现形式,
  but I believe that behind the apparent diversity  但我相信在这些多样化的面目下
  there are actually just four basic forms  实际只有四种基本形式
  that these immortality stories can take.  是这些永生故事都有的。
  And we can see them repeating themselves  并且我们能发现他们
  throughout history, just with slight variations  在历史中不断重复,仅仅只有细微的差异
  to reflect the vocabulary of the day.  用来反应当时的语言。
  Now I'm going to briefly4 introduce these four  下面我会简要介绍这四种
  basic forms of immortality story,  永生故事的基本形式,
  and I want to try to give you some sense  并且我希望让你们知道
  of the way in which they're retold by each culture  在各个文化
  or generation  或在不同时代中
  using the vocabulary of their day.  使用当时的语言传播的方式。
  Now, the first story is the simplest.  第一个故事是最简单的。
  We want to avoid death,  我们想要逃避死亡,
  and the dream of doing that in this body  并且梦想着这身躯
  in this world forever  能永久留存在世上
  is the first and simplest kind of immortality story,  是第一个最简单的永生故事,
  and it might at first sound implausible,  一开始听起来有些难以置信,
  but actually, almost every culture in human history  但事实上,在人类历史上的每一种文化
  has had some myth or legend  都流传着一些神话或传说
  of an elixir5 of life or a fountain of youth  关于长生药或者不老泉
  or something that promises to keep us going  或者能让我们一直
  forever.  活下去的东西。
  Ancient Egypt had such myths,  古埃及有这种传说,
  ancient Babylon, ancient India.  古巴比伦,古印度。
  Throughout European history, we find them in the work of the alchemists,  纵观这个欧洲历史,在炼金术师的工作中可以发现它,
  and of course we still believe this today,  直到今天我们依旧相信它,
  only we tell this story using the vocabulary  只不过我们使用科学的语言
  of science.  来讲这个故事。
  So 100 years ago,  所以100年前,
  hormones7 had just been discovered,  荷尔蒙被发现了,
  and people hoped that hormone6 treatments  人们希望荷尔蒙治疗
  were going to cure aging and disease,  能使我们永葆青春和治愈疾病,
  and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells,  现在我们则是希望干细胞,
  genetic8 engineering, and nanotechnology.  基因工程,和纳米技术。

点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 bias 0QByQ     
n.偏见,偏心,偏袒;vt.使有偏见
参考例句:
  • They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
  • He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。
2 biases a1eb9034f18cae637caab5279cc70546     
偏见( bias的名词复数 ); 偏爱; 特殊能力; 斜纹
参考例句:
  • Stereotypes represent designer or researcher biases and assumptions, rather than factual data. 它代表设计师或者研究者的偏见和假设,而不是实际的数据。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
  • The net effect of biases on international comparisons is easily summarized. 偏差对国际比较的基本影响容易概括。
3 immortality hkuys     
n.不死,不朽
参考例句:
  • belief in the immortality of the soul 灵魂不灭的信念
  • It was like having immortality while you were still alive. 仿佛是当你仍然活着的时候就得到了永生。
4 briefly 9Styo     
adv.简单地,简短地
参考例句:
  • I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
  • He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。
5 elixir cjAzh     
n.长生不老药,万能药
参考例句:
  • There is no elixir of life in the world.世界上没有长生不老药。
  • Keep your mind awake and active;that's the only youth elixir.保持头脑清醒和灵活便是保持年轻的唯一灵丹妙药。
6 hormone uyky3     
n.荷尔蒙,激素,内分泌
参考例句:
  • Hormone implants are used as growth boosters.激素植入物被用作生长辅助剂。
  • This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body.这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
7 hormones hormones     
n. 荷尔蒙,激素 名词hormone的复数形式
参考例句:
  • This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body. 这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
  • The adrenals produce a large per cent of a man's sex hormones. 肾上腺分泌人体的大部分性激素。
8 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
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TAG标签:   TED演讲
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