纽约时报 基因编辑婴儿风波后续 贺建奎前导师遭调查(1)

Altered Genes¹, A US Adviser² and an Inquiry³

基因编辑，美国导师和一起调查

By Pam Belluck

文/帕姆·贝吕克

“Success!” read the subject line of the email.

“成功了！”邮件的主题栏写到。

The text, in imperfect English, began: “Good News! The women is pregnant, the genome editing success!”

这封用不太标准的英文写成的信开头写着：“好消息！她们（按正确语法应该是“她”）怀孕了，基因组编辑成功了！”

The sender was He Jiankui, an ambitious, young Chinese scientist.

发件人是贺建奎，一位年纪轻轻却雄心勃勃的中国科学家。

The recipient⁴ was his former academic adviser, Stephen Quake, a star Stanford bioengineer and inventor.

收件人是他从前的导师斯蒂芬·奎克，此人也是斯坦福大学生物工程方面的明星工程师兼发明家。

“Wow, that’s quite an achievement!” Dr. Quake wrote back. “Hopefully she will carry to term...”

“哇，可喜可贺！”奎克在回信中写道。“希望她能坚持到分娩……”

Months later, the world learned the outcome of that pregnancy⁵:

几个月后，全世界都知道了那次怀孕的结果：

twins born from genetically⁷ engineered embryos⁸, the first gene-altered babies.

经过了基因修改的胚胎诞下了一对双胞胎，成为了首例基因编辑婴儿。

Reaction was fierce.

一石激起千层浪。

Many scientists and ethicists condemned⁹ the experiment as unethical and unsafe,

科学家和伦理学家纷纷谴责这一实验不道德也不安全，

fearing that it could inspire rogue¹¹ or frivolous¹² attempts to create permanent genetic⁶ changes using unproven and unregulated methods.

(因为他们担心)有人会因此用未经证实和不受监管的方法无所顾忌或草率地对基因进行永久性的修改。

A Chinese government investigation¹³ concluded in January

今年1月，中国政府开展的一起调查就在结论中指出，

that Dr. He had “seriously violated ethics¹⁴, scientific research integrity and relevant state regulations.”

贺建奎博士“严重违背了伦理道德，科研诚信以及国家的有关规定”。

Questions about other American scientists’ knowledge of Dr. He’s plans and their failure to sound a loud alarm

自从贺建奎去年11月公开自己的研究成果以来，

have been an issue since Dr. He revealed his work in November.

其他美国科学家对他的计划是否知情，以及他们为何没有敲响警钟等问题就一直颇受关注。

But now, Dr. Quake is facing a Stanford investigation into his interaction with Dr. He.

现在，斯坦福大学已经开始就奎克博士与贺建奎的往来对奎克博士展开调查了。

That inquiry began after the president of Dr. He’s Chinese university wrote to Stanford’s president alleging¹⁵ that Dr. Quake had helped Dr. He.

因为贺建奎所在中国大学的校长致信斯坦福大学校长，称奎克曾为贺建奎的实验提供过帮助。

“Prof. Stephen Quake provided instructions to the preparation and implementation¹⁶ of the experiment,

“斯蒂芬·奎克教授在实验的准备和具体操作，

the publication of papers, the promotion¹⁷ and news release, and the strategies to react after the news release,”

论文的发表，对实验的宣传，新闻的发布以及发布后的回应策略等多方面都提供了指导，”

he alleged¹⁸ in letters obtained by The New York Times.

该位校长在《纽约时报》获取的那些信件中说到。

Dr. Quake’s actions, he asserted, “violated the internationally recognized academic ethics and codes of conduct, and must be condemned.”

这位校长坚称奎克的行为“违反了国际公认的学术伦理和行为准则，必须予以谴责”。

Dr. Quake denied the allegations in a lengthy¹⁹ interview,

奎克在一次漫长的采访中否认了这些指控，

saying his interaction with Dr. He, who was a postdoctoral student in his lab eight years ago, had been misinterpreted.

说他与8年前在他实验室攻读博士后的贺建奎两人的往来遭到了误解。

“I had nothing to do with this and I wasn’t involved,” Dr. Quake said. “I hold myself to high ethical¹⁰ standards.”

“这件事与我无关，我也没有参与其中，”奎克说。“而且我对自己有着很高的伦理要求。”

Dr. Quake showed The Times what he said were the last few years of his email communication with Dr. He.

奎克向《纽约时报》看了他所谓的过去几年他与贺建奎往来的邮件。

The correspondence provides a revealing window into the informal way researchers navigate²⁰ a fast-moving, ethically²¹ controversial field.

透过那些信件可以看出，在那个发展迅速却又存在着伦理争议的研究领域，研究人员的行事方式并不十分规范。

The emails show that Dr. He, 35, informed Dr. Quake, 49, of milestones²², including that the woman became pregnant and gave birth.

那些邮件显示，35岁的贺建奎会向49岁的奎克汇报实验的重大突破，包括那名女子怀孕和分娩的消息。

They show that Dr. Quake advised Dr. He to obtain ethical approval from Chinese institutions

邮件还显示，奎克曾建议贺博士申请中国有关机构的伦理许可，

and submit the results for vetting²³ by peer-reviewed journals,

并将研究结果提交给同行评审的各大期刊进行审核，

and that he agreed to Dr. He’s requests to discuss issues like when to present his research publicly.

此外，他还答应了贺博士提出的，与后者讨论何时公开研究等问题的请求。

1 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

2 adviser   

n.劝告者，顾问

参考例句：

• They employed me as an adviser.他们聘请我当顾问。
• Our department has engaged a foreign teacher as phonetic adviser.我们系已经聘请了一位外籍老师作为语音顾问。

3 inquiry   

n.打听，询问，调查，查问

参考例句：

• Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
• The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。

4 recipient   

a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器

参考例句：

• Please check that you have a valid email certificate for each recipient. 请检查是否对每个接收者都有有效的电子邮件证书。
• Colombia is the biggest U . S aid recipient in Latin America. 哥伦比亚是美国在拉丁美洲最大的援助对象。

5 pregnancy   

n.怀孕，怀孕期

参考例句：

• Early pregnancy is often accompanied by nausea.怀孕早期常有恶心的现象。
• Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage.怀孕期吸烟会增加流产的危险。

6 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

7 genetically   

adv.遗传上

参考例句：

• All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
• Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物

8 embryos   

n.晶胚；胚，胚胎( embryo的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Somatic cells of angiosperms enter a regenerative phase and behave like embryos. 被子植物体细胞进入一个生殖阶段，而且其行为象胚。 来自辞典例句
• Evolution can explain why human embryos look like gilled fishes. 进化论能够解释为什么人类的胚胎看起来象除去了内脏的鱼一样。 来自辞典例句

9 condemned   

adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He condemned the hypocrisy of those politicians who do one thing and say another. 他谴责了那些说一套做一套的政客的虚伪。
• The policy has been condemned as a regressive step. 这项政策被认为是一种倒退而受到谴责。

10 ethical   

adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的

参考例句：

• It is necessary to get the youth to have a high ethical concept.必须使青年具有高度的道德观念。
• It was a debate which aroused fervent ethical arguments.那是一场引发强烈的伦理道德争论的辩论。

11 rogue   

n.流氓；v.游手好闲

参考例句：

• The little rogue had his grandpa's glasses on.这淘气鬼带上了他祖父的眼镜。
• They defined him as a rogue.他们确定他为骗子。

12 frivolous   

adj.轻薄的；轻率的

参考例句：

• This is a frivolous way of attacking the problem.这是一种轻率敷衍的处理问题的方式。
• He spent a lot of his money on frivolous things.他在一些无聊的事上花了好多钱。

13 investigation   

n.调查，调查研究

参考例句：

• In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
• He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。

14 ethics   

n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准

参考例句：

• The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
• Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。

15 alleging   

断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• His reputation was blemished by a newspaper article alleging he'd evaded his taxes. 由于报上一篇文章声称他曾逃税，他的名誉受到损害。
• This our Peeress declined as unnecessary, alleging that her cousin Thornhill's recommendation would be sufficient. 那位贵人不肯，还说不必，只要有她老表唐希尔保荐就够了。

16 implementation   

n.实施，贯彻

参考例句：

• Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。

17 promotion   

n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传

参考例句：

• The teacher conferred with the principal about Dick's promotion.教师与校长商谈了迪克的升级问题。
• The clerk was given a promotion and an increase in salary.那个职员升了级，加了薪。

18 alleged   

a.被指控的，嫌疑的

参考例句：

• It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. 他被指称在任时收受贿赂。
• alleged irregularities in the election campaign 被指称竞选运动中的不正当行为

19 lengthy   

adj.漫长的，冗长的

参考例句：

• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
• The professor wrote a lengthy book on Napoleon.教授写了一部有关拿破仑的巨著。

20 navigate   

v.航行，飞行；导航，领航

参考例句：

• He was the first man to navigate the Atlantic by air.他是第一个飞越大西洋的人。
• Such boats can navigate on the Nile.这种船可以在尼罗河上航行。

21 ethically   

adv.在伦理上，道德上

参考例句：

• Ethically , we have nothing to be ashamed about . 从伦理上说，我们没有什么好羞愧的。
• Describe the appropriate action to take in an ethically ambiguous situation. 描述适当行为采取在一个道德地模棱两可的情况。

22 milestones   

n.重要事件( milestone的名词复数 )；重要阶段；转折点；里程碑

参考例句：

• Several important milestones in foreign policy have been passed by this Congress and they can be chalked up as major accomplishments. 这次代表大会通过了对外政策中几起划时代的事件，并且它们可作为主要成就记录下来。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Dale: I really envy your milestones over the last few years, Don. 我真的很羡慕你在过去几年中所建立的丰功伟绩。 来自互联网

23 vetting   

n.数据检查[核对，核实]v.审查（某人过去的记录、资格等）( vet的现在分词 )；调查；检查；诊疗

参考例句：

• Scripts had to be submitted to Ministry of Information officials for vetting. 必须把脚本提交给信息部官员审查。 来自互联网
• Their purpose in clicking deeper into a site is one of vetting. 他们深入点击网站的目的是一种诊疗。 来自互联网