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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
开头
实验结论
In this argument, the arguer concludes that …doing…will lead to …To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer reasons that…
The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.
自己应该干吗 根据观察和现象
自己改正 根据因果
In this argument, the arguer recommends that … should advise … to …To justify1 this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that… Thus… should follow the study’s recommendation and … in order to …
自己尝试新方法 根据预测 和 假想
The conclusion in this argument is that … can expect to … by doing … In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that … Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has … benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught2 with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.
换一个供应商
In this argument, the arguer advocates that … should … This recommendation is based on the observation that … Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice … because … This argument is problematic for … reasons.
自己应该干吗 根据其他州的情况
In this analysis, the arguer claims that … should … To substantiate3 the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of … where … In addition, the arguer assumes that … This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.
正文：
The major problem with this argument is that …
Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. …
In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argument.
… the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that might influence …
For instance … since … what’s more … etc.
样本的问题：
When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization5
调查survey 的问题：
The sample of the survey conducted by the … is vague.
But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..(民意测验)
How many people participated?
The sample of the survey is not representative.
数据的问题：
(实验的数据不可靠) the data of the research is unconvincing (样本太小)
the sample is too small to... (光数字没比例)
the ratio of four to six
there is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?
Insufficient8 Sample
If the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]
The arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.
It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.
实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征
副作用 有的病人会对抗生素过敏
错误的类比：
But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction9.
错误的比较：
The comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that …
However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding … respectively …
别的因素：
Furthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that … may … Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.
It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.
没有因果：
Confusing causal relation with correlation
the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that 就算怎样，也不怎样
Finally, the arguer hints that … but he fails to analyze10 the causes. Is it because… or because … ?
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其他：
The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …
First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies … which is understandable.
It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.
分析常用：
the actual amount of time for doing … respectively …
The survey is based on two isolated11 examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.
How large was the sample
How many people participated?
What extent do this participators improve their …speed?
The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABC's performance.
循环假设
The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …
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结尾：
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected12 families and their geographical13 distribution.
In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about …
As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the …
To conclude, this argument is not persuasive14 as it stands.
点击
收听单词发音
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1
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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fraught
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| adj.充满…的，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的 | |
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substantiate
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| v.证实；证明...有根据 | |
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invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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generalization
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| n.普遍性，一般性，概括 | |
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statistical
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| adj.统计的，统计学的 | |
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correlation
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| n.相互关系，相关，关连 | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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9
deduction
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| n.减除，扣除，减除额；推论，推理，演绎 | |
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10
analyze
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| vt.分析，解析 (=analyse) | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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14
persuasive
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| adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的 | |
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