综合英语（一）串讲辅导

 　　语法这部分主要涉及名词代词、形容词和副词、不定式、动名词、分词、反意疑问句、从句、时态和语态、前后呼应、倒装等内容。

　　名词与代词

　　名词可分为专有名词和普通名词两类。 而普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。　　其中，个体名词和集体名词为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。 名词的复数构成通常是在其后加 -s ，但以 -s ， -x ， -ch ， -sh 和大部分以 o 结尾的名词后加 -es; 以 “ 辅音字母 +y” 结尾的名词把 “y” 变成 “i” ，再加 -es 。 有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，有其特殊形式。 有些名词在不同的情况下，属不同的名词词类，因此有时为可数，有时则为不可数。 名词的格可分为主格 ( 作主语 ) ，宾格 ( 作宾语 ) 和所有格 ( 表示所有关系 ) 。

　　代词可分为人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，不定代词，指示代词，关系代词，连接代词和疑问代词等九类。

　　1. 名词的用法

　　可数名词除非前面有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则要用其复数形式。例如 :

　　lf a boy disobeys the order, he will be punished severely¹.

　　The teacher firstly divided his students into four groups.

　　These courses are especially designed for senior students.

　　有些名词的复数构成是不规则的，如 :child-children ， foot-feet ， goose-geese ， mouse-mice ， man-men ， ox-oxen ， tooth-teeth ， woman-women 等。例如 :

　　Every fall geese fly over the house.

　　The dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filled.

　　Mrs Smith has three children ， and Tonny is the youngest one.

　　I think we've got mice in the kitchen.

　　有些名词的单复数形式是一样的 , 如 :Chinese ， Japanese, Spanish( 西班牙 ) ， Lebanese( 黎巴嫩 ) ， Portuguese( 葡萄牙 ) ， Swiss( 瑞士 ) ， sheep ， deer ， swine( 猪 ) ， fish ， carp( 鲤鱼 ) ， salmon( 鲑 ) ， means ， series ， species² ， aircraft ， spacecraft 等。例如 :

　　The best fish are near the bottom.

　　When they got to the New World, Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish³ architectural features.

　　I saw a white sheep running down the road.

　　Judging by his language ， he must be a Japanese.

　　在表示一类事物时，介词 of 后的名词要用复数形式。例如，

　　Beethoven is one of the greatest musicians in the world.

　　The Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai Zoo ， which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city.

　　She is one of the three martyrs⁴ who were killed in NATO 's bombing on the Chinese Embassy⁵ in Yugoslavia.

　　大多数集体名词可作单数，也可作复数，如： army ， audience ， class ， committee ， crew ( 全体船员，乘务员 ) ， crowd ， faculty⁶ ， family ， government ， group ， orchestra⁷ ， public ， team ， union 等。但有些虽然是单数形式，却用作复数，如 :cattle( 牲畜 ) ， mankind( 人类 ) ， militia( 民兵 ) ， people ， police ， poultry( 家畜 ) ， staff( 全体职员 ) 等。例如 :

　　The president said the Chinese Government is paying close attention to developments in this matter ， and continues to reserve the right to take further action.

　　The cattle were grazing⁸ on the meadow⁹ near the farm.

　　The audience were amused by his humorous stories.

　　My family is far away from the school.

1 severely   

adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地

参考例句：

• He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
• He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。

2 species   

n.物种，种群

参考例句：

• Are we the only thinking species in the whole of creation?我们是万物中惟一有思想的物种吗？
• This species of bird now exists only in Africa.这种鸟现在只存在于非洲。

3 moorish   

adj.沼地的，荒野的，生[住]在沼地的

参考例句：

• There was great excitement among the Moorish people at the waterside. 海边的摩尔人一阵轰动。 来自辞典例句
• All the doors are arched with the special arch we see in Moorish pictures. 门户造成拱形，形状独特，跟摩尔风暴画片里所见的一样。 来自辞典例句

4 martyrs   

n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情）

参考例句：

• the early Christian martyrs 早期基督教殉道者
• They paid their respects to the revolutionary martyrs. 他们向革命烈士致哀。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

5 embassy   

n.大使馆，大使及其随员

参考例句：

• Large crowd demonstrated outside the British Embassy.很多群众在英国大使馆外面示威。
• He's a U.S. diplomat assigned to the embassy in London.他是美国驻伦敦大使馆的一名外交官。

6 faculty   

n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员

参考例句：

• He has a great faculty for learning foreign languages.他有学习外语的天赋。
• He has the faculty of saying the right thing at the right time.他有在恰当的时候说恰当的话的才智。

7 orchestra   

n.管弦乐队；vt.命令，定购

参考例句：

• He plays the violin in an orchestra.他在管弦乐队中演奏小提琴。
• I was tempted to stay and hear this superb orchestra rehearse.我真想留下来听这支高超的管弦乐队排练。

8 grazing   

n. 放牧, 牧草 动词graze的现在分词

参考例句：

• There were cows grazing beside the river. 有些牛在河边吃草。
• Cows were grazing on the marshes. 牛群在湿地上吃草。

9 meadow   

n.草地，牧草地

参考例句：

• The children ran free across the meadow.孩子们在草地里自由地奔跑。
• The meadow is peopled with wild flowers.草地长满了野花。