马关条约

Treaty of Shimonoseki

 

    2005年4月17日是马关条约签订110周年。110年前的今天，北洋大臣李鸿章在日本马关签订了《马关条约》(Treaty of Shimonoseki)，割让辽东半岛、台湾及澎湖列岛给日本；赔偿日本军费银二亿两……

    
  Shimonoseki, Treaty of, Apr. 17, 1895, ending the First Sino-Japanese War. It was negotiated and signed by Ito Hirobumi for Japan and Li Hung-chang for China. Harsh terms were imposed on a badly defeated China. The treaty provided for the end of Chinese suzerainty over Korea, giving Korea independence, and for the cession¹ to Japan of Taiwan, the Pescadores islands, and Port Arthur and the Liaodong peninsula. Japan also imposed a large indemnity² and forced China to open five new treaty ports. A week after the treaty was signed, however, Russia, France, and Germany together—in the so-called Triple Intervention—demanded that Japan renounce³ claims to Port Arthur and the Liaodong peninsula. Japan reluctantly agreed (Nov., 1895), but China was forced to pay an additional indemnity.

    1895年4月17日签订的马关条约，结束了第一次中日战争。条约由日方的伊藤博文和中方的李鸿章协商并签订。已饱受战争创伤的中国，又被加以苛刻的条款。马关条约结束了中国对于朝鲜的宗主权，使中方承认了朝鲜独立，同时迫使中国割让了台湾、澎湖列岛、旅顺港和辽东半岛给日本。日方还对中国强加以巨额赔款，并要求开放五个新的通商口岸。条约签订后的一周，由于俄、德、法三国的干涉，日本不情愿地宣布放弃辽东半岛和旅顺，而代之以要求中方增加额外的赔款。

马关条约(Treaty of Shimonoseki)原文节录

TREATY OF PEACE

    His Majesty⁴ the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of China, desiring to restore the blessings⁵ of peace to their countries and subjects and to remove all cause for future complications, have named as their Plenipotentiaries for the purpose of concluding a Treaty of Peace, that is to say:

    His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, Count ITO Hirobumi, Junii, Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Paullownia, Minister President of State; and Viscount MUTSU Munemitsu, Junii, First Class of the Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs.

    And His Majesty the Emperor of China, LI Hung-chang, Senior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, Senior Grand Secretary of State, Minister Superintendent⁶ of Trade for the Northern Ports of China, Viceroy of the province of Chili⁷, and Earl of the First Rank; and LI Ching-fong, Ex-Minister of the Diplomatic Service, of the Second Official Rank:

    Who, after having exchanged their full powers, which were found to be in good and proper form, have agreed to the following Articles:—

    大清帝国大皇帝陛下及大日本帝国大皇帝陛下为订定和约，俾两国及其臣民重修平和，共享幸福，且杜绝将来纷纭之端。大清帝国大皇帝陛下特简大清帝国钦差头等全权大臣太子太傅文华殿大学士北洋通商大臣直隶总督一等肃毅伯爵李鸿章，大清帝国钦差全权大臣二品顶戴前出使大臣李经方；

　　大日本帝国大皇帝陛下特简大日本帝国全权办理大臣内阁总理大臣从二位勋一等伯爵伊藤博文，大日本帝国全权办理大臣外务大臣从二位勋一等子爵陆奥宗光；

　　为全权大臣，彼此较阅所奉谕旨，认明均属妥善无阙，会同议定各条款，开列于左：

Article 1

    China recognises definitively⁸ the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea, and, in consequence, the payment of tribute and the performance of ceremonies and formalities by Korea to China, in derogation of such independence and autonomy, shall wholly cease for the future.

第一款

    中国认明朝鲜国确为完全无缺之独立自主，故凡有亏损独立自主体制，即如该国向中国所修贡献典礼，嗣后全行废绝。

Article 2

    China cedes⁹ to Japan in perpetuity and full sovereignty the following territories, together with all fortifications, arsenals¹⁰, and public property thereon:

    (a) The southern portion of the province of Fêngtien [Fengtian] within the following boundaries [Liaodong agreement in November 1895 deleted this and replaced it with an indemnity of 30 million taels of silver to be paid Japan]:

    The line of demarcation begins at the mouth of the River Yalu and ascends¹¹ that stream to the mouth of the River An-ping [Anping], from thence the line runs to Fêng-huang [Fenghuang], from thence to Hai-cheng [Haizheng?], from thence to Ying-kow [Yinzhou?], forming a line which describes the southern portion of the territory. The places above named are included in the ceded¹² territory. When the line reaches the River Liao at Ying-kow, it follows the course of the stream to its mouth, where it terminates. The mid-channel of the River Liao shall be taken as the line of demarcation.

    This cession also includes all islands appertaining or belonging to the province of Fêngtien situated¹³ in the eastern portion of the Bay of Liao-tung and the northern portion of the Yellow Sea.

    (b) The island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa.

    (c) The Pescadores Group, that is to say, all islands lying between the 119th and 120th degrees of longitude¹⁴ east of Greenwich and the 23rd and 24th degrees of north latitude¹⁵.

第二款

    中国将管理下开地方之权并将该地方所有堡垒、军器工厂及一切属公物件，永远让与日本：

　　一、下开划界以内之奉天省南边地方：从鸭绿江口溯该江以抵安平河口，又从该河口划至凤凰城、海城及营口而止，画成拆线以南地方。所有前开各城市邑皆包括在划界线内。该线抵营口之辽河口，即顺流至海口止，彼此以河中心为分界。

　　辽东湾东岸及黄海北岸在奉天省所属诸岛屿，亦一并在所让境内。

　　二、台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿。

　　三、澎湖列岛，即英国格林尼次东经百十九度起至百二十度止，及北纬二十三度起至二十四度之间诸岛屿。

    …………
    ………
    ……
    …

1 cession   

n.割让，转让

参考例句：

• The cession of the territory could not be avoided because they lost the war.因为他们输了这场战争，割让领土是无法避免的。
• In 1814,Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution.1814年挪威人反对向瑞典割让自己的国土，并且制定了新的宪法。

2 indemnity   

n.赔偿，赔款，补偿金

参考例句：

• They paid an indemnity to the victim after the accident.他们在事故后向受害者付了赔偿金。
• Under this treaty,they were to pay an indemnity for five million dollars.根据这项条约，他们应赔款500万美元。

3 renounce   

v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系

参考例句：

• She decided to renounce the world and enter a convent.她决定弃绝尘世去当修女。
• It was painful for him to renounce his son.宣布与儿子脱离关系对他来说是很痛苦的。

4 majesty   

n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权

参考例句：

• The king had unspeakable majesty.国王有无法形容的威严。
• Your Majesty must make up your mind quickly!尊贵的陛下，您必须赶快做出决定！

5 blessings   

n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福

参考例句：

• Afflictions are sometimes blessings in disguise. 塞翁失马，焉知非福。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• We don't rely on blessings from Heaven. 我们不靠老天保佑。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

6 superintendent   

n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长

参考例句：

• He was soon promoted to the post of superintendent of Foreign Trade.他很快就被擢升为对外贸易总监。
• He decided to call the superintendent of the building.他决定给楼房管理员打电话。

7 chili   

n.辣椒

参考例句：

• He helped himself to another two small spoonfuls of chili oil.他自己下手又加了两小勺辣椒油。
• It has chocolate,chili,and other spices.有巧克力粉，辣椒，和其他的调味品。

8 definitively   

adv.决定性地，最后地

参考例句：

• None of the three super-states could be definitively conquered even by the other two in combination. 三个超级国家中的任何一国都不可能被任何两国的联盟所绝对打败。 来自英汉文学
• Therefore, nothing can ever be definitively proved with a photograph. 因此，没有什么可以明确了一张照片。 来自互联网

9 cedes   

v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• MILWAUKEE, Feb. 29, 2008? Rockwell Automation will acquire the Safety and Automation business of CEDES AG. 密尔沃基2月29日消息——罗克韦尔自动化将收购CEDES公司的安全和自动化业务。 来自互联网
• Any system that cedes those rights will lead to anarchy. 任何割让那些权利的体制都将导致政治混乱。 来自互联网

10 arsenals   

n.兵工厂，军火库( arsenal的名词复数 )；任何事物的集成

参考例句：

• We possess-each of us-nuclear arsenals capable of annihilating humanity. 我们两国都拥有能够毁灭全人类的核武库。 来自辞典例句
• Arsenals are factories that produce weapons. 军工厂是生产武器的工厂。 来自互联网

11 ascends   

v.上升，攀登( ascend的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The azygos vein ascends in the right paravertebral gutter. 奇静脉在右侧脊柱旁沟内上升。 来自辞典例句
• The mortality curve ascends gradually to a plateau at age 65. 死亡曲线逐渐上升，到65岁时成平稳状态。 来自辞典例句

12 ceded   

v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的过去式 )

参考例句：

• Cuba was ceded by Spain to the US in 1898. 古巴在1898年被西班牙割让给美国。
• A third of the territory was ceded to France. 领土的三分之一割让给了法国。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 situated   

adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的

参考例句：

• The village is situated at the margin of a forest.村子位于森林的边缘。
• She is awkwardly situated.她的处境困难。

14 longitude   

n.经线，经度

参考例句：

• The city is at longitude 21°east.这个城市位于东经21度。
• He noted the latitude and longitude,then made a mark on the admiralty chart.他记下纬度和经度，然后在航海图上做了个标记。

15 latitude   

n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区

参考例句：

• The latitude of the island is 20 degrees south.该岛的纬度是南纬20度。
• The two cities are at approximately the same latitude.这两个城市差不多位于同一纬度上。