老外告诉你 英音美音谁更高大上

 　　In America, prestige speaks with a British accent. Friendliness¹, however, sounds a lot like you.

　　在美国，人们觉得英音高大上，而美音则显得友善。

　　Record a variety of people reading the same passage aloud —speakers from different regions of the English-speaking world—and then play those recordings² to American college students. Ask the students for their first impressions about the speakers. Are they well-educated? Do they have good jobs? Are they funny? Would you trust them?

　　让来自不同英语地区的人们大声朗读同一段文章后，把录音播放给美国大学生听，并询问学生们对这些说话人的第一印象：他们是否受了良好的教育？他们是否有好的工作？他们幽默吗？你能信任他们吗？

　　老外告诉你 英音美音谁更高大上

　　Historically, with a big enough sample (say, a few hundred people), you would have found two things. First, that the speakers of British English, particularly the upper-class dialect known as Received Pronunciation (RP, or “the Queen’s English”), would rate highest on measures of social status and power, such as wealth, education level, and assertiveness³. Second, speakers with American accents (particularly the same American accent as the raters had) would score highest on measures of solidarity⁴, such as friendliness and sense of humor.

　　以往，样本足够多时（比如说有几百人参与研究），你会发现两件事。首先，说英式英语的人，尤其是被称为标准发音的上流社会口音（RP，或者叫“女王英语”）在衡量社会地位和权利时得到的评价最高，包括财富、教育程度和自信等。其次，美式发音的人（尤其是和评价者有着同样的美式口音的人）会在测评团结程度时得分最高，比如说友善程度和幽默感。

　　But the annoying thing is that social attitudes change drastically over time. Even the most exhaustedly⁵ replicated⁶ set of findings will eventually be out of date. So sociolinguists must entirely⁷ redo earlier studies (“revisit” is usually the euphemism⁸ used) to see if the original results still hold. In 2001, the late Donn Bayard of the University of Otago (in New Zealand), with colleagues Ann Weatherall, Cynthia Gallois, and Jeffery Pittam, presented several hundred American, Australian, and New Zealander undergrads with recordings of American, Australian, New Zealand, and English (RP) speakers all reading the same passage aloud. As in earlier studies, the college students rated the speakers on a number of factors.

　　但是令人烦恼的是，社会上的看法会随着时间的推移发生180度的转变。就算筋疲力尽一再重复研究得出的结果最终也将会过时。所以社会语言学家必须要彻底重新做一次之前的研究（委婉点说叫“重访”）来看看是否原来的研究结果仍然成立。2001年，奥塔哥大学（新西兰）已故的唐?贝尔德和同事安?韦瑟罗尔、辛西娅?加洛瓦、杰弗瑞?皮塔姆一起给几百名美国、澳大利亚和新西兰大学生听了美国人、澳大利亚人、新西兰人和英国标准口音的人大声读同一段文章。正如之前的研究一样，这些大学生要从几方面来评定这些朗读的人。

　　To vastly oversimplify a large and complex data set, things looked a bit different this time around. First, American students rated the American speakers quite highly on all accounts (not just on measures of solidarity). Second, and most strikingly, the New Zealand and Australian students also rated the American speakers very highly across the board. These students actually rated the Americans speakers higher on measures of solidarity than they rated speakers of their own dialect.

　　这一次庞大复杂的研究数据被大大简化了，研究结果看起来和以往有点不同。首先，美国学生在各个方面（不仅仅是在团结程度上）都给了美音朗读者很高的评价。其次，最引人注目的是，新西兰和澳大利亚的学生也在各方面给了美音朗读者很高的评价。事实上，这些学生在团结程度上给了美音朗读者比持自己国家方言的人更高的评价。

　　Why might this have happened? Why are American accents suddenly so ubiquitous and admired? The authors held the media largely responsible. They argue that the change may “reflect a bowing to the inexorable pressure of American global hegemony in all its guises⁹: fast foods, pop music, films, middle-class sitcoms¹⁰, American ownership or part ownership of what were formerly¹¹ New Zealand/Australian entities¹² like rail, phone, and power networks, and even the adoption¹³ of Black American music, dance, and spoken idiom by the equivalent Maori and Pacific Island underclass in New Zealand.” Indeed, students in New Zealand, where the influence of the American media is even stronger than in Australia, had a more positive perception of American accents than did students in Australia.

　　为什么会这样？为什么美国口音突然变得无处不在、如此吃香？这个责任很大程度上要归因于掌控着媒体的人。他们争辩说这种变化可能“反应了对美国在全球各种形式的霸权的屈服，这种霸权带来了无法阻挡的压力：快餐、流行音乐、电影、中产阶级的情景喜剧、美国对原来是新西兰或澳大利亚的实业（像铁路、电话和电力）的所有权或部分所有权，甚至对美国黑人音乐和舞蹈以及土话的接纳，这些土话就相当于新西兰的毛利语和下等阶层的语言。”新西兰的学生受美国媒体的影响甚至比澳大利亚还要大，他们的确对美式口音的看法要比澳大利亚学生更积极一点。

　　Speakng of which. The study I’ve just described was published back in 2001, and a lot has happened since. What does prestige sound like today? I’m sure someone’s on it.

　　说到这，上面描述是早在2001年的研究，自那以后发生了很多事，现如今什么样的口音最高大上呢？一定有人在对此进行研究。

1 friendliness   

n.友谊，亲切，亲密

参考例句：

• Behind the mask of friendliness,I know he really dislikes me.在友善的面具后面，我知道他其实并不喜欢我。
• His manner was a blend of friendliness and respect.他的态度友善且毕恭毕敬。

2 recordings   

n.记录( recording的名词复数 )；录音；录像；唱片

参考例句：

• a boxed set of original recordings 一套盒装原声录音带
• old jazz recordings reissued on CD 以激光唱片重新发行的老爵士乐

3 assertiveness   

n.过分自信

参考例句：

• Her assertiveness was starting to be seen as arrogance. 她的自信已开始被认为是自负了。
• Role playing is an important element in assertiveness training. 在果敢自信训练班上，角色扮演是个重要内容。

4 solidarity   

n.团结；休戚相关

参考例句：

• They must preserve their solidarity.他们必须维护他们的团结。
• The solidarity among China's various nationalities is as firm as a rock.中国各族人民之间的团结坚如磐石。

5 exhaustedly   

adv.exhausted（精疲力竭的）的变形

参考例句：

• She sat on the bank exhaustedly, cried And shrank into herself as a little animal. 她无力地在岸边坐下，像只小动物般抱膝蜷缩着黯然哭泣。 来自互联网
• Comes back after the national sports team has been adjusting, but the present feels somewhat exhaustedly. 从国家队回来之后一直在调整，不过现在还是感觉有些疲惫。 来自互联网

6 replicated   

复制( replicate的过去式和过去分词 )； 重复； 再造； 再生

参考例句：

• Later outplant the seedlings in a replicated permanent test plantation. 以后苗木出圃栽植成重复的永久性试验林。
• The phage has replicated and the donor cells have lysed. 噬菌体已复制和给体细胞已发生裂解。

7 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

8 euphemism   

n.婉言，委婉的说法

参考例句：

• Language reflects culture and euphemism is a mirror of culture.语言反映文化,而婉语则是各种文化的一面镜子。
• Euphemism is a very common and complicated linguistic phenomenon.委婉语是一种十分常见而又非常复杂的语言现象。

9 guises   

n.外观，伪装( guise的名词复数 )v.外观，伪装( guise的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• She took pleasure in the various guises she could see. 她穿各种衣服都显得活泼可爱。 来自辞典例句
• Traditional form or structure allows us to recognize corresponding bits of folklore in different guises. 了解民俗的传统形式或结构，可以使我门抛开事物的不同外表，从中去辨认出有关民俗的点点滴滴。 来自英汉非文学 - 民俗

10 sitcoms   

n.情景喜剧( sitcom的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• This is the stuff most stadard TV sitcoms are made of. 这是大多数标注的电视幽默剧所采用的题材。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• In most countries, prime-time Monday night television is dominated by sitcoms. 在大多数国家，周一晚上的电视黄金时段都由连续剧所占据。 来自互联网

11 formerly   

adv.从前，以前

参考例句：

• We now enjoy these comforts of which formerly we had only heard.我们现在享受到了过去只是听说过的那些舒适条件。
• This boat was formerly used on the rivers of China.这船从前航行在中国内河里。

12 entities   

实体对像； 实体，独立存在体，实际存在物( entity的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Our newspaper and our printing business form separate corporate entities. 我们的报纸和印刷业形成相对独立的企业实体。
• The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities. 北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。

13 adoption   

n.采用，采纳，通过；收养

参考例句：

• An adoption agency had sent the boys to two different families.一个收养机构把他们送给两个不同的家庭。
• The adoption of this policy would relieve them of a tremendous burden.采取这一政策会给他们解除一个巨大的负担。