禽疟与气候变化

 　　Malaria¹ and Climate Change Bite the birds

　　Malaria among birds is becoming more prevalent

　　鸟类中的疟疾感染越来越多

　　MOSQUITOES, which carry malaria parasites³, like the warm and wet conditions that are expected to become more common with climate change. This has led many to reason that malarial⁴ infections will increase. Yet studies run into the unreliability of modelling future climatic effects and sometimes ignore changes in land use and health care. However, a new analysis of the spread of avian malaria shows that for the birds, at least, there is a real worry.

　　携带疟原虫的蚊子喜欢温暖潮湿的环境，由于气候变化的影响这种环境可能会越来越普遍。 因此很多人推论，疟疾感染将会增加。 但是很多研究遇到了未来气候效应模型不可靠的问题，而且有时忽视了土地使用和健康保健方面的变化。 然而，一项新的对禽疟传播的分析显示，至少对于鸟类而言，真正令人担忧的状况已经出现。

　　Laszlo Garamszegi, of the Do?ana Biological Station in Spain, studied patterns of malarial infections in birds to avoid confounding human factors in determining the epidemiology of a closely related parasite². He looked at 43 previous studies that had carefully screened 3,000 bird species for malaria in different locations over the past 70 years. He found that an increase in global temperatures of 1°C was accompanied by a two-to threefold increase in the average prevalence of malaria in birds. The most dramatic increases took place during the past 20 years.

　　在对一种有密切关系的寄生虫进行流行病学鉴定时，为避免混入人为因素，西班牙多尼亚纳生物站的喇撒?噶母赛棘研究了在鸟类中疟疾感染的模式。 他察看了以前的43份研究。这些研究仔细鉴别了过去70年来在不同地区的3000中鸟类感染疟疾的情况。 他发现，全球气温每增加1°C，鸟类平均疟疾患病率随之增加两到三倍。 最急剧地增加是发生在过去的20年间。

　　Dr Garamszegi's work, published in Global Change Biology, found that the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) showed a malaria prevalence that was less than 10% before 1990 when worldwide temperatures were cooler, but in recent years nearly 30% were infected. The great tit (Parus major) presented a similarly worrying increase, with less than 3% infected with malaria before 1995 but closer to 15% in recent studies. The blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), a migrant bird common in Europe that breeds in gardens, once had virtually no avian malaria but a study in 1999 showed nearly 4% had the disease.

　　噶母赛棘博士的论文发表在《全球变化生物学》杂志上，他发现，家雀（Passer domesticus）的疟疾患病率在1990年以前不到10%，那时全球气候比较凉爽， 但是在最近的一些年里几乎30%被感染。 大山雀(Parus major)的患病率有类似令人担忧的增加，1995年之前不到3%，而最近接近15%。 黑头莺在欧洲一种常见的候鸟，它们生活在很多公园里，实际上它们曾经并没有禽疟感染，但是1999年的一项研究显示，几乎4%的黑头莺感染了这种疾病。

　　The effects of warming on avian malaria were not universal. Birds in Asia, North America and South America suffered much less change in their levels of infection during warm years than did birds dwelling⁵ in Africa and Europe. Such trends may not have any relevance⁶ to the malaria parasites that infect humans. But avian malaria is already ravaging⁷ the native birds of Hawaii and it is now wreaking⁸ havoc⁹ in New Zealand, says Dr Garamszegi. Human beings may be able to mitigate¹⁰ the spread of malaria, but birds will need the help of conservationists if some species are to survive.

　　气候变暖对禽疟的影响并不普遍。 亚洲、北美和南美的鸟类，在气候变暖的若干年里，其感染率的变化较小，而生活在非洲和欧洲的鸟类则受影响较大。 这种趋势与感染人类的疟原虫可能没有任何关系。 但是禽疟已经毁掉了夏威夷的本地鸟类，它目前在新西兰正造成着巨大的破坏，噶母赛棘博士说。 人类也许已经使疟疾的传播减缓，但是如果某些鸟类要幸存下来，就需要环境保护主义者们的帮助。

1 malaria   

n.疟疾

参考例句：

• He had frequent attacks of malaria.他常患疟疾。
• Malaria is a kind of serious malady.疟疾是一种严重的疾病。

2 parasite   

n.寄生虫；寄生菌；食客

参考例句：

• The lazy man was a parasite on his family.那懒汉是家里的寄生虫。
• I don't want to be a parasite.I must earn my own way in life.我不想做寄生虫，我要自己养活自己。

3 parasites   

寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫

参考例句：

• These symptoms may be referable to virus infection rather than parasites. 这些症状也许是由病毒感染引起的，而与寄生虫无关。
• Kangaroos harbor a vast range of parasites. 袋鼠身上有各种各样的寄生虫。

4 malarial   

患疟疾的，毒气的

参考例句：

• Malarial poison had sallowed his skin. 疟疾病毒使他皮肤成灰黄色。
• Standing water like this gives malarial mosquitoes the perfect place to breed. 像这样的死水给了传染疟疾的蚊子绝佳的繁殖地点。

5 dwelling   

n.住宅，住所，寓所

参考例句：

• Those two men are dwelling with us.那两个人跟我们住在一起。
• He occupies a three-story dwelling place on the Park Street.他在派克街上有一幢3层楼的寓所。

6 relevance   

n.中肯，适当，关联，相关性

参考例句：

• Politicians' private lives have no relevance to their public roles.政治家的私生活与他们的公众角色不相关。
• Her ideas have lost all relevance to the modern world.她的想法与现代社会完全脱节。

7 ravaging   

毁坏( ravage的现在分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫

参考例句：

• It is believed that in fatigue there is a repeated process of ravaging the material. 据认为，在疲劳中，有一个使材料毁坏的重复过程。
• I was able to capture the lion that was ravaging through town. 我能逮住正在城里肆虐的那头狮子。

8 wreaking   

诉诸（武力），施行（暴力），发（脾气）( wreak的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Coal mining is a messy business, often wreaking terrible environmental damage nearby. 采矿是肮脏的行业，往往会严重破坏周边环境。
• The floods are wreaking havoc in low-lying areas. 洪水正在地势低洼地区肆虐。

9 havoc   

n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱

参考例句：

• The earthquake wreaked havoc on the city.地震对这个城市造成了大破坏。
• This concentration of airborne firepower wrought havoc with the enemy forces.这次机载火力的集中攻击给敌军造成很大破坏。

10 mitigate   

vt.（使）减轻，（使）缓和

参考例句：

• The government is trying to mitigate the effects of inflation.政府正试图缓和通货膨胀的影响。
• Governments should endeavour to mitigate distress.政府应努力缓解贫困问题。