2023年经济学人 2023年各国经济表现盘点(1)

 

Finance and economics

财经版块

End of year prizes

年度大奖

Ladder of divine ascent¹

进步的天梯

We calculate the best and worst performing economies of 2023.

我们计算出了2023年表现最好和最差的经济体。

Almost everyone expected a global recession in 2023, as central bankers raised interest rates to cool inflation.

由于央行官员提高利率，为通胀降温，几乎所有人都预计2023年会出现全球经济衰退。

The consensus² was wrong.

这一共识是错误的。

Global GDP has probably grown by 3%.

全球GDP可能增长了3%。

Job markets have held up.

就业市场一直坚挺。

Inflation is on the way down.

通货膨胀率正在下降。

Stockmarkets have risen by 20%.

股票市场已经上涨了20%。

But this aggregate³ performance conceals⁴ wide variation.

但这种综合表现掩盖了各国之间的巨大差异。

The Economist⁵ has compiled data on five indicators-inflation, "inflation breadth", GDP, jobs and stockmarket performance-for 35 mostly rich countries.

《经济学人》汇编了35个富裕国家的五个指标的数据：通货膨胀率、“通胀广度”、GDP、就业、股市表现。

We have ranked them according to how well they have done on these measures, creating an overall score.

根据他们在这些指标上的表现，本刊将这些国家进行了排名，并得出了总分。

Top of the charts, for the second year running, is Greece-a remarkable⁷ result for an economy that was until recently a byword for mismanagement.

连续第二年位居榜首的是希腊，这个国家直到最近还是治理不善的代名词，这对它来说是一个了不起的成绩。

Aside from South Korea, many of the other standout performers are in the Americas.

除了韩国，其他许多表现突出的国家都在美洲。

The United States comes third.

美国排在第三位。

Canada and Chile are not far behind.

加拿大和智利紧随其后。

Meanwhile, lots of the sluggards are in northern Europe, including Britain, Germany, Sweden and, bringing up the rear, Finland.

与此同时，吊车尾的国家大都在北欧，包括英国、德国、瑞典和最末位的芬兰。

Tackling rising prices was the big challenge in 2023.

应对物价上涨是2023年的一大挑战。

Our first measure looks at "core" inflation, which excludes volatile⁸ components⁹, such as energy and food, and is a good indicator⁶ of underlying¹⁰ inflationary pressure.

我们的第一个衡量标准是“核心”通胀，它剔除了能源和食品等波动较大的物价，能很好地说明潜在通胀压力。

Japan and South Korea have kept a lid on prices.

日本和韩国一直控制着物价。

In Switzerland core prices rose by just 1.3% year on year.

瑞士的核心价格同比仅上涨了1.3%。

Elsewhere in Europe, though, many countries still face serious pressure.

然而，在欧洲其他地方，许多国家仍然面临着巨大压力。

In Hungary core inflation is running at 11% year on year.

匈牙利的核心通货率与去年同期相比上涨了11%。

Finland, which is heavily dependent on Russian energy supplies, is also struggling.

严重依赖俄罗斯能源供应的芬兰也在苦苦挣扎。

In most countries inflation is becoming less entrenched¹¹-as measured by "inflation breadth", a measure that calculates the share of items in the consumer-price basket where prices are rising by more than 2% year on year.

在大多数国家，通货膨胀正在变得不那么根深蒂固，这是从“通胀广度”来看，“通胀广度”计算的是物价同比上涨超过2%的商品在消费者价格篮子中所占的比例。

Central bankers in places including Chile and South Korea increased interest rates aggressively in 2022, sooner than many of their peers across the rich world, and now appear to be reaping the benefits.

智利和韩国等国的央行在2022年大幅加息，而且比许多富裕国家的加息时间都更早，这些国家现在似乎正因此而获益。

In South Korea inflation breadth has fallen from 73% to 60%.

在韩国，通货广度已从73%降至60%。

Central bankers in America and Canada, where inflation breadth has dropped even more sharply, can take some credit, too.

美国和加拿大的通胀广度的降幅甚至更大，这两国的央行官员也可以得到一些赞誉。

However, in other places, the battle against inflation is not even close to being won.

然而，在其他地方，对抗通胀的战斗离胜利还差很远。

Take Australia.

以澳大利亚为例。

Inflation there remains¹² firmly entrenched, with the price of close to 90% of the items in the average person's shopping basket rising by more than 2% year on year.

该国的通货膨胀仍然根深蒂固，居民购物篮中价格同比上涨超过2%的商品所占比例接近90%。

Worse, inflation breadth is not coming down either.

更糟糕的是，通胀广度也没有下降。

France and Germany are also in trouble.

法国和德国也陷入了困境。

And so is Spain, where inflation seems to be becoming more entrenched over time.

西班牙也是如此，该国的通胀似乎随着时间的推移而变得更加顽固。

1 ascent   

n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高

参考例句：

• His rapid ascent in the social scale was surprising.他的社会地位提高之迅速令人吃惊。
• Burke pushed the button and the elevator began its slow ascent.伯克按动电钮，电梯开始缓慢上升。

2 consensus   

n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识

参考例句：

• Can we reach a consensus on this issue?我们能在这个问题上取得一致意见吗？
• What is the consensus of opinion at the afternoon meeting?下午会议上一致的意见是什么？

3 aggregate   

adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合

参考例句：

• The football team had a low goal aggregate last season.这支足球队上个赛季的进球总数很少。
• The money collected will aggregate a thousand dollars.进帐总额将达一千美元。

4 conceals   

v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• He conceals his worries behind a mask of nonchalance. 他装作若无其事，借以掩饰内心的不安。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Drunkenness reveals what soberness conceals. 酒醉吐真言。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 economist   

n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人

参考例句：

• He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem.他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
• He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers.他是个经济学家，自以为什么都懂。

6 indicator   

n.指标；指示物，指示者；指示器

参考例句：

• Gold prices are often seen as an indicator of inflation.黃金价格常常被看作是通货膨胀的指标。
• His left-hand indicator is flashing.他左手边的转向灯正在闪亮。

7 remarkable   

adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的

参考例句：

• She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
• These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。

8 volatile   

adj.反复无常的，挥发性的，稍纵即逝的，脾气火爆的；n.挥发性物质

参考例句：

• With the markets being so volatile,investments are at great risk.由于市场那么变化不定，投资冒着很大的风险。
• His character was weak and volatile.他这个人意志薄弱，喜怒无常。

9 components   

（机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分； 成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量； （混合物的）组成部分

参考例句：

• the components of a machine 机器部件
• Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。

10 underlying   

adj.在下面的，含蓄的，潜在的

参考例句：

• The underlying theme of the novel is very serious.小说隐含的主题是十分严肃的。
• This word has its underlying meaning.这个单词有它潜在的含义。

11 entrenched   

adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯)

参考例句：

• Television seems to be firmly entrenched as the number one medium for national advertising.电视看来要在全国广告媒介中牢固地占据头等位置。
• If the enemy dares to attack us in these entrenched positions,we will make short work of them.如果敌人胆敢进攻我们固守的阵地，我们就消灭他们。

12 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。