PBS高端访问:“孤狼”给美国国家安全造成了什么威胁?

 　　HARI SREENIVASAN: During the past week, there have been at least three separate attacks launched by what are referred to as lone¹ wolf terrorists, who are often inspired by propaganda from groups like ISIS.

　　Last Monday in Quebec, a man who had converted to Islam and had become radicalized purposely crashed his car into two soldiers, killing² one of them, before he was shot dead.

　　Two days later, another gunman with a similar story killed a soldier standing³ guard at a war memorial in Ottawa. He later raced into the Parliament building, before being shot dead.

　　Then Thursday, in Queens, New York, a man who had posted comments sympathetic to the jihadists used a hatchet⁴ to attack four rookie police officers posing for a picture on the street. He, too, was shot dead.

　　Today, on the Sunday talk shows, the heads of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees commented on the attacks.

　　CHARLIE ROSE: What kind of threat does that pose to our own national security?

　　REP. MIKE ROGERS: Huge, and getting worse.

　　SEN. DIANNE FEINSTEIN: These attacks and the multiplicity of attacks in 2014 show that their propaganda is having some effect.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: For more about all this, we are joined now from Boston by Jytte Klausen. She is a professor at Brandeis University and the Founder⁵ of the Western Jihadism Project, which tracks the activity of Islamist extremists in the West.

　　So, I want to ask, what is behind these lone wolf attacks?

　　JYTTE KLAUSEN: Well, we call them lone wolves, but, in most cases, they have been connected to networks and peer groups and militants⁶ for some time.

　　And they carry out the attacks by themselves, but they are not actually lone wolves, in the sense that they had just become radicalized off the Internet or something like that. It — of course, there are exceptions to this general rule.

　　But, right now, there is a call out from the Islamic State group, sometimes referred to as ISIL, to carry out attacks on — on people who represent the Western states.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: OK. So we are also hearing more frequently about the sympathizers in the West who are lured⁷ to go and fight for ISIS.

　　What are the reasons for that?

　　JYTTE KLAUSEN: Well, one reason is that have been able to go.

　　ISIS, or ISIL, has invited them. There were many Westerners who tried to go and fight for al-Qaida in Iraq in the previous insurgency⁸ in Iraq, and they weren't welcome. But ISIL has been pursuing a colonization⁹ strategy in Syria for some time.

　　And so, in the course of 2013, they started inviting¹⁰ Westerners to come and settle.

　　And there were many Westerners who thought it was a very attractive proposition to walk around the streets of the — the Syrian cities that they refer to as the liberated¹¹ zones and police the local Muslim population in those places.

　　So they were very attracted to the idea of getting control and being the big man or big woman on the block.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: OK.

　　Well, once they get there, the story might change a bit. As your research tracks, there is actually a much higher mortality ratio of the Westerners who go in there.

　　Oftentimes, they are used as suicide bombers¹², because they are not really much more good to ISIL or ISIS?

　　JYTTE KLAUSEN: Yes, that is correct.

　　But, in 2013, the mortality rates weren't so high. They have really picked up since the start of this year.

　　And we are now picking up evidence of people who want to come home and have had regrets. But, at the same time, even as that is happening, there are also new people who are leaving.

　　So, there are — by my count, based on estimates from the different Western governments, there have been around 3,000 Westerners who have, at one point in time, gone off and joined the extremist jihadist groups.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: What happens when they come back? Is there evidence to show that they are more likely to launch an attack at their home in the West?

　　JYTTE KLAUSEN: There is evidence of that.

　　But there are also some coming back who are exhibiting signs of having had regrets, particularly amongst some of the younger groups, the women, some of the teenagers who had taken off.

　　But they are by no means the only stream that has gone off. There are very hardened folks who have gone off, to people who have been experienced from previous insurgencies.

　　A Boston man named Ahmad Abousamra, who went both to Pakistan and to Yemen and took off to Syria — to Syria in 2006, is now believed to be in charge of the social media operations on behalf of ISIL.

　　And so we should be careful not to draw too fast conclusions about what sort of threat these people present when they come back.

　　And, for sure, we know, from previous experiences with insurgencies and Westerners going off, that having had the experience of learning how to carry out violence, shooting a gun and putting together a bomb, they will come back, and they will try to carry out violence here.

　　And there have been incidents already that have fortunately been foiled, with the exception of one…

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: Right.

　　JYTTE KLAUSEN: … an incident in Brussels at the Jewish Museum there.

　　HARI SREENIVASAN: All right. Jytte Klausen from Brandeis University joining us from Boston today, thanks so much.

　　JYTTE KLAUSEN: Thank you.

1 lone   

adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的

参考例句：

• A lone sea gull flew across the sky.一只孤独的海鸥在空中飞过。
• She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach.她在空旷的海滩上能看到一个孤独的身影。

2 killing   

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

• Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
• Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

3 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

4 hatchet   

n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀

参考例句：

• I shall have to take a hatchet to that stump.我得用一把短柄斧来劈这树桩。
• Do not remove a fly from your friend's forehead with a hatchet.别用斧头拍打朋友额头上的苍蝇。

5 Founder   

n.创始者，缔造者

参考例句：

• He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
• According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说，罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。

6 militants   

激进分子，好斗分子( militant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The militants have been sporadically fighting the government for years. 几年来，反叛分子一直对政府实施零星的战斗。
• Despite the onslaught, Palestinian militants managed to fire off rockets. 尽管如此，巴勒斯坦的激进分子仍然发射导弹。

7 lured   

吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• The child was lured into a car but managed to escape. 那小孩被诱骗上了车，但又设法逃掉了。
• Lured by the lust of gold,the pioneers pushed onward. 开拓者在黄金的诱惑下，继续奋力向前。

8 insurgency   

n.起义；暴动；叛变

参考例句：

• And as in China, unrest and even insurgency are widespread. 而在中国，动乱甚至暴乱都普遍存在。 来自互联网
• Dr Zyphur is part an insurgency against this idea. 塞弗博士是这一观点逆流的一部分。 来自互联网

9 colonization   

殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖

参考例句：

• Colonization took place during the Habsburg dynasty. 开拓殖民地在哈布斯堡王朝就进行过。
• These countries took part in the colonization of Africa. 这些国家参与非洲殖民地的开发。

10 inviting   

adj.诱人的，引人注目的

参考例句：

• An inviting smell of coffee wafted into the room.一股诱人的咖啡香味飘进了房间。
• The kitchen smelled warm and inviting and blessedly familiar.这间厨房的味道温暖诱人，使人感到亲切温馨。

11 liberated   

a.无拘束的，放纵的

参考例句：

• The city was liberated by the advancing army. 军队向前挺进，解放了那座城市。
• The heat brings about a chemical reaction, and oxygen is liberated. 热量引起化学反应，释放出氧气。

12 bombers   

n.轰炸机( bomber的名词复数 )；投弹手；安非他明胶囊；大麻叶香烟

参考例句：

• Enemy bombers carried out a blitz on the city. 敌军轰炸机对这座城市进行了突袭。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Royal Airforce sill remained dangerously short of bombers. 英国皇家空军仍未脱离极为缺乏轰炸机的危境。 来自《简明英汉词典》