PBS高端访谈:洞见纳粹时期的德国艺术

Hari Sreenivasan: We turn now to an art exhibit here in New York city that examines the relationship between the rise of nationalism and censorship of the arts. NewsHour weekend's Ivette Feliciano reports.

Ivette Feliciano: Countries from Poland to Hungary to Turkey are experiencing a rise in nationalism and the effects it can have on free speech. While this turmoil¹ goes on, a new exhibit at New York's Neue Galerie, "Before the Fall," examines art produced in Germany and Austria under the Third Reich and what can happen to a culture when free speech is curtailed² in the extreme.

Dr. Olaf Peters, Art historian, Germany's Martin Luther University: The idea behind the exhibition is to think about how artists reacted to political, historical circumstances and how they work, evolve during the 1930s. So, it was really like thinking about, is there potential in art to reflect on historical circumstances?

Ivette Feliciano: Dr. Olaf Peters is an art historian at Germany's Martin Luther University and the exhibit's curator. The show is a continuation of two previous Neue shows. "Degenerate³ Art" examined works that the Nazi⁴ party publicly denigrated⁵ while "Berlin Metropolis⁶" looked at the rich artistic⁷ culture of Germany's capital in the 1920s.

Adolf Hitler's Third Reich purged⁸ the modern art world after coming to power in 1933. It raided the influential⁹ Bauhaus art school and shut it down. It did the same to the modern art wing of the German National Gallery. Hitler banned many artists from creating art altogether.

Dr. Olaf Peters: You had an extremely strong and rich art scene during the 1920s in Germany. For me, the question was always, what happened to this art scene?

Ivette Feliciano: Peters says that many artists camouflaged¹⁰ their beliefs using conventional art forms. Still lifes and portraits became heavy with symbolism. Landscapes, like the 1936 painting "Expectation" by German artist Richard Oelze, depicted¹¹ dark and foreboding scenes.

Dr. Olaf Peters: It's a little bit apocalyptic¹² landscape on the one side if you have, on the other side, a group of people standing¹³ there and looking maybe into a dark or unknown future.

Ivette Feliciano: Those artists who did not conform could not find a safe venue¹⁴ for their work. How was their work received at the time by the public?

Dr. Olaf Peters: Some are so overt¹⁵ when it comes to critique of those circumstances, the living conditions of the Third Reich, that it's impossible to show them.

Ivette Feliciano: One artist who chose self-exile was the German painter Max Beckmann, who left Germany for the Netherlands in 1937. There he painted a work called "Birds' Hell," which contains political references to the Nazi party.

Dr. Olaf Peters: It was painted one year after Max Beckmann had left Germany. And in Amsterdam, he made the decision to create this allegory of his country where you can see the birds torturing, for example, saluting¹⁶.

Ivette Feliciano: Some artists paid the ultimate price for their work. One was a Jewish-Austrian artist named Friedl Dicker-Brandeis.

Dr. Olaf Peters: She was highly political. She studied at the Bauhaus in Weimar in Germany, went back to Austria and developed some, say, political montages or collages¹⁷ in the early 1930s. But she was captured. She depicted some interrogations which are really touching¹⁸ because you can see what torture meant. And she was finally brought into an extermination¹⁹ camp and was killed.

Ivette Feliciano: Dr. Peters says that visitors to the exhibit may view these older works in a new light, following a recent nationalist surge in europe.

Dr. Olaf Peters: The situations are different, and history is not repeating itself. But, of course, you have to learn from history, maybe think about how to avoid developments which are not a little bit similar, not identical, and, yeah, and be aware of your responsibility.

哈里·斯雷尼瓦桑：现在我们将目光转向纽约，这里正在举办一个艺术展览，透过这个展览，人们可以了解民族主义的兴起与艺术审查制度之间的关系。NewsHour周末记者伊维特·费利西亚诺报道。

伊维特·费利西亚诺：从波兰到匈牙利再到土耳其，这些国家正感受着民族主义的兴起，以及它对言论自由的影响。正当一切方兴未艾，新展览《Before the Fall》在纽约新艺廊德奥艺术美术馆开幕，其中展出的艺术品为第三帝国时期的德国人及奥地利人所作，那时言论自由遭到极端剥夺，本次展览带我们领略了当时的文化背景。

奥拉夫·彼得斯博士，德国马丁·路德大学艺术历史学家：本次展览的初衷在于引发人们思考在20世纪30年代，艺术家如何应对政治，如何应对历史环境，他们又如何展开工作。所以，这当真是在思考，艺术有没有可能反映历史环境？

伊维特·费利西亚诺：奥拉夫·彼得斯博士是德国马丁·路德大学的艺术历史学家，也是本次展览的策展人。本次展览是过去两个新艺廊德奥艺术美术馆展览的延伸。《Degenerate Art》审视了纳粹党公开贬低的作品，而《Berlin Metropolis》则对20世纪20年代德国首都的丰富艺术文化进行了探究。

阿道夫·希特勒的第三帝国在其1933年执政后，对现代艺术世界进行了清洗。当时包豪斯艺术学校极具影响，而希特勒对其突袭，将其关闭。它对德国国家美术馆同样采取了如此暴行。希特勒禁止艺术家集体创作艺术作品。

奥拉夫·彼得斯博士：20世纪20年代，德国艺术曾经何其繁荣。这个问题始终萦绕着我，这种繁荣究竟怎么了？

伊维特·费利西亚诺：彼得斯说很多艺术家用传统的艺术形式来伪装他们的信仰。静物画和肖像画都具有了浓重的象征主义色彩。很多风景画，像德国艺术家理查德·奥尔兹于1936年所创的作品《期待》，都对当时社会环境的黑暗以及对未来不详的预感进行了描绘。

奥拉夫·彼得斯博士：一方面，这有点启示性，如果你能感受到，另一方面，一群人站在那里，探入或许黑暗或未知的未来世界。

伊维特·费利西亚诺：那些不守规矩的艺术家很难找到安全的工作场地。他们当时的工作如何得到公众的接纳？

奥拉夫·彼得斯博士：许多艺术家的作品对于当时环境，第三帝国生活处境上的批判展露无遗，根本无法展出。

伊维特·费利西亚诺：德国画家马克斯·贝克曼选择了自我放逐，他于1937年离开德国前往荷兰。在那里他创作了作品《鸟的地狱》，其中提及了纳粹党。

奥拉夫·彼得斯博士：离开德国一年后，贝克曼创作了这幅作品。在阿姆斯特丹，他决定创作这个讽喻体画作，抨击他的国家，画中多个鸟型形象折磨人类，例如，致敬。

伊维特·费利西亚诺：一些艺术家为他们的作品付出了终极代价。其中一位是奥地利犹太艺术家，名叫弗利德·迪克-布朗德斯。

奥拉夫·彼得斯博士：她政治倾向极强。她在德国魏玛的包豪斯大学学习，后回到了奥地利，并与20世纪30年代早期，创作了一些，我们说，政治蒙太奇或拼贴画。但她被捕了。她的作品描绘了一些审讯过程，让人触目惊心，因为这那里，你可以看到什么才是真正的酷刑。最后她被送进了死亡集中营，惨遭杀害。

伊维特·费利西亚诺：彼得斯博士说，随着最近欧洲民族主义浪潮的涌动，参观者可以以一种新的眼光审视这些古老的作品。

奥拉夫·彼得斯博士：时过境迁，历史不会重演。但是，当然，你必须以史为鉴，思考如何避免那些类似相同的事情再度发生，是的，意识到你的责任。

1 turmoil   

n.骚乱，混乱，动乱

参考例句：

• His mind was in such a turmoil that he couldn't get to sleep.内心的纷扰使他无法入睡。
• The robbery put the village in a turmoil.抢劫使全村陷入混乱。

2 curtailed   

v.截断，缩短( curtail的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Spending on books has been severely curtailed. 购书开支已被大大削减。
• Their public health programme had to be severely curtailed. 他们的公共卫生计划不得不大大收缩。 来自《简明英汉词典》

3 degenerate   

v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者

参考例句：

• He didn't let riches and luxury make him degenerate.他不因财富和奢华而自甘堕落。
• Will too much freedom make them degenerate?太多的自由会令他们堕落吗？

4 Nazi   

n.纳粹分子，adj.纳粹党的，纳粹的

参考例句：

• They declare the Nazi regime overthrown and sue for peace.他们宣布纳粹政权已被推翻，并出面求和。
• Nazi closes those war criminals inside their concentration camp.纳粹把那些战犯关在他们的集中营里。

5 denigrated   

v.诋毁，诽谤( denigrate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• The critics have denigrated our efforts. 评论家贬低了我们的努力。 来自互联网
• For that whole group of citizens whose appeals for assistance have been similarly and irresponsibly denigrated. 为所有的申诉求助后，被同样不负责任的诋毁的公众。 来自互联网

6 metropolis   

n.首府；大城市

参考例句：

• Shanghai is a metropolis in China.上海是中国的大都市。
• He was dazzled by the gaiety and splendour of the metropolis.大都市的花花世界使他感到眼花缭乱。

7 artistic   

adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的

参考例句：

• The picture on this screen is a good artistic work.这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。
• These artistic handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends.外国朋友很喜欢这些美术工艺品。

8 purged   

清除（政敌等）( purge的过去式和过去分词 )； 涤除（罪恶等）； 净化（心灵、风气等）； 消除（错事等）的不良影响

参考例句：

• He purged his enemies from the Party. 他把他的敌人从党内清洗出去。
• The iron in the chemical compound must be purged. 化学混合物中的铁必须清除。

9 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

10 camouflaged   

v.隐蔽( camouflage的过去式和过去分词 )；掩盖；伪装，掩饰

参考例句：

• We camouflaged in the bushes and no one saw us. 我们隐藏在灌木丛中没有被人发现。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• They camouflaged in bushes. 他们隐蔽在灌木丛中。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 depicted   

描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述

参考例句：

• Other animals were depicted on the periphery of the group. 其他动物在群像的外围加以修饰。
• They depicted the thrilling situation to us in great detail. 他们向我们详细地描述了那激动人心的场面。

12 apocalyptic   

adj.预示灾祸的，启示的

参考例句：

• The air is chill and stagnant,the language apocalyptic.空气寒冷而污浊，语言则是《启示录》式的。
• Parts of the ocean there look just absolutely apocalyptic.海洋的很多区域看上去完全像是世界末日。

13 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

14 venue   

n.犯罪地点，审判地，管辖地，发生地点，集合地点

参考例句：

• The hall provided a venue for weddings and other functions.大厅给婚礼和其他社会活动提供了场所。
• The chosen venue caused great controversy among the people.人们就审判地点的问题产生了极大的争议。

15 overt   

adj.公开的，明显的，公然的

参考例句：

• His opponent's intention is quite overt.他的对手的意图很明显。
• We should learn to fight with enemy in an overt and covert way.我们应学会同敌人做公开和隐蔽的斗争。

16 saluting   

v.欢迎，致敬( salute的现在分词 )；赞扬，赞颂

参考例句：

• 'Thank you kindly, sir,' replied Long John, again saluting. “万分感谢，先生。”高个子约翰说着又行了个礼。 来自英汉文学 - 金银岛
• He approached the young woman and, without saluting, began at once to converse with her. 他走近那年青女郎，马上就和她攀谈起来了，连招呼都不打。 来自辞典例句

17 collages   

n.拼贴画( collage的名词复数 )；杂烩

参考例句：

• My work includes mixed media, paintings and digital collages. 我的工作包括混合媒介，绘画和数码拼贴。 来自互联网
• I love making photo collages. 我喜欢做照片拼贴。 来自互联网

18 touching   

adj.动人的，使人感伤的

参考例句：

• It was a touching sight.这是一幅动人的景象。
• His letter was touching.他的信很感人。

19 extermination   

n.消灭，根绝

参考例句：

• All door and window is sealed for the extermination of mosquito. 为了消灭蚊子，所有的门窗都被封闭起来了。 来自辞典例句
• In doing so they were saved from extermination. 这样一来却使它们免于绝灭。 来自辞典例句