英语词汇实用小百科 整形手术plastic surgery

Xiaohua: Hello, and welcome to Round Table’s word of the week. This week we are talking about plastic surgery as it seems that over half of the plastic surgery patients visiting South Korean doctors are Chinese.

John: Yeah, and so plastic surgery just gives you a quick definition is a medical specialty¹ concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function of the human bodies. So this can be cosmetic² or aesthetic³ surgery, but it could also include non-elective medical surgery that is required, for example, severe burns or broken bones or things like that.

Xiaohua: 嗯，整形手术plastic surgery 指的可不光是美容类的手术还可以指医疗上用的,比如说伤痕的祛除等等。

John: In the term plastic surgery, plastic actually refers to sculpting⁴ or reshaping, which is derived⁵ from the Greek plastikē, which means the art of modeling of malleable⁶ flesh. So the actual surgical⁷ definition of “plastic” first appeared in 1839, which actually predates the actual modern use of plastic which is, you know, substance made from petroleum⁸. So in this sense plastic surgery isn’t talking about, you know, the material plastic. It’s talking about how the human body is malleable and you can change how it looks.

Xiaohua: Right. 我们一般都觉得plastic是塑料的意思，但是它的另外一个意思也就是塑型，或者是雕塑。其实比塑料开始应用还要更早70年。

John: And so treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the Edwin Smith Papyrus⁹, which is a transcription from an Ancient Egyptian medical text, dating to the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt 3000 to 2500 BC. Reconstructive surgery techniques were also being carried out in India by around 800BC. So we can see these types of techniques are actually very, very old.

Xiaohua: 哇，原来在4、5千年以前就有过重塑鼻子这样的整形手术了。

John: Ok, now let’s take a look at some different types of plastic surgery. So one of more common ones is called skin grafting¹⁰ and basically it’s you take skin from the recipient¹¹ or from a donor¹². And you basically just stitch it back on to the recipient.

Xiaohua :最常见的一种整形手术实际上是植皮，也叫做skin grafting.

John: Mm-hmm, and there is also reconstructive plastic surgery which is used to correct functional¹³ impairments caused by burns, or traumatic injuries, congenital abnormalities, or perhaps even cancer, or tumors.

Xiaohua: 重建类的整形手术呢，包括治疗烧伤甚至还包括切除肿瘤。

John: And now we come to probably the most well-known aspect of plastic surgery and that is cosmetic surgery, sometimes called aesthetic surgery or perhaps even elective plastic surgery. So abdominoplasty or just “tummy tuck” which might be heard of is basically just reshaping and firming of the stomach area.

Xiaohua: 腹部塑型 actually this is different from liposuction, right?

John: Yeah, this is different from liposuction. So liposuction is literally¹⁴ just taking fat out of certain areas and sucking it out.

Xiaohua : 这跟我们通常所说的吸脂术还是不太一样的。

John: yeah, and so I think also one of the types of surgery that are many of our female listeners will probably be familiar with is the blepharoplasty or “eyelid surgery”.

Xiaohua: blepharoplasty 就是开双眼皮的手术。

John : And then there is the mammoplasty which can include breast implants¹⁵, breast reductions and even a mastoplexy which is breast lift.

Xiaohua: en, mammoplasty 不光是指隆胸手术还有缩胸手术。

John: and then there is the ever popular rhinoplasty, or nose job, which is exactly when sounds like just make your nose look different.

Xiaohua: 嗯，right, rhinoplasty是针对鼻子的整形手术。

John: and then there is the rhytidectomy which is basically just face lift so removes wrinkles and signs of aging.

Xiaohua: 嗯，脸部的这个除皱术叫做rhytidectomy.

John: uh-huh. And that can include a neck lift, include a browplasty or brow lift, it can also include a midface lift or a cheek lift.

Xiaohua: okay, 颈部除皱，前额的除皱或者是面部的除皱都可以包括在它之内。

Actually talking about all these kinds of plastic surgery kind of turns me off towards any sort of these procedures. Are you gonna go through any of these?

Jonh: no, I don’t think I ever will. If my wife decides one day that she wants to, I think my main concern would be the cost and safety, otherwise I don’t think I’d have too much of a problem.

Xiaohua: ah, great! That’s all we have for Round Table’s word of this week.

1 specialty   

n.(speciality)特性，特质；专业，专长

参考例句：

• Shell carvings are a specialty of the town.贝雕是该城的特产。
• His specialty is English literature.他的专业是英国文学。

2 cosmetic   

n.化妆品；adj.化妆用的；装门面的；装饰性的

参考例句：

• These changes are purely cosmetic.这些改变纯粹是装饰门面。
• Laughter is the best cosmetic,so grin and wear it!微笑是最好的化妆品，所以请尽情微笑吧！

3 aesthetic   

adj.美学的，审美的，有美感

参考例句：

• My aesthetic standards are quite different from his.我的审美标准与他的大不相同。
• The professor advanced a new aesthetic theory.那位教授提出了新的美学理论。

4 sculpting   

雕刻( sculpt的现在分词 )； 雕塑； 做（头发）； 梳（发式）

参考例句：

• The quality of the result is determined by a Craft( sculpting) check. 由手艺（刻）定决定结果质量如何。
• Another difficulty in the process of ice sculpting is time control. 冰雕过程中的另一项困难是时间的掌控。

5 derived   

vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取

参考例句：

• Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 malleable   

adj.(金属)可锻的;有延展性的；(性格)可训练的

参考例句：

• Silver is the most malleable of all metals.银是延展性最好的金属。
• Scientists are finding that the adult human brain is far more malleable than they once thought.科学家发现成人大脑的可塑性远超过他们之前认识到的。

7 surgical   

adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的

参考例句：

• He performs the surgical operations at the Red Cross Hospital.他在红十字会医院做外科手术。
• All surgical instruments must be sterilised before use.所有的外科手术器械在使用之前，必须消毒。

8 petroleum   

n.原油，石油

参考例句：

• The Government of Iran advanced the price of petroleum last week.上星期伊朗政府提高了石油价格。
• The purpose of oil refinery is to refine crude petroleum.炼油厂的主要工作是提炼原油。

9 papyrus   

n.古以纸草制成之纸

参考例句：

• The Egyptians wrote on papyrus.埃及人书写用薄草纸。
• Since papyrus dries up and crumble,very few documents of ancient Egypt have survived.因草片会干裂成粉末所以古埃及的文件很少保存下来。

10 grafting   

嫁接法，移植法

参考例句：

• Even grafting new blood vessels in place of the diseased coronary arteries has been tried. 甚至移植新血管代替不健康的冠状动脉的方法都已经试过。
• Burns can often be cured by grafting on skin from another part of the same body. 烧伤常常可以用移植身体其它部位的皮肤来治愈。

11 recipient   

a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器

参考例句：

• Please check that you have a valid email certificate for each recipient. 请检查是否对每个接收者都有有效的电子邮件证书。
• Colombia is the biggest U . S aid recipient in Latin America. 哥伦比亚是美国在拉丁美洲最大的援助对象。

12 donor   

n.捐献者；赠送人；(组织、器官等的)供体

参考例句：

• In these cases,the recipient usually takes care of the donor afterwards.在这类情况下，接受捐献者以后通常会照顾捐赠者。
• The Doctor transplanted the donor's heart to Mike's chest cavity.医生将捐赠者的心脏移植进麦克的胸腔。

13 functional   

adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的

参考例句：

• The telephone was out of order,but is functional now.电话刚才坏了，但现在可以用了。
• The furniture is not fancy,just functional.这些家具不是摆着好看的，只是为了实用。

14 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

15 implants   

n.（植入身体中的）移植物( implant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Hormone implants are used as growth boosters. 激素植入物被用作生长辅助剂。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Perhaps the most far-reaching project is an initiative called Living Implants From Engineering (LIFE). 也许最具深远意义的项目，是刚刚启动的建造活体移植工程 (LIFE)。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 医学的第四次革命