VOA常速英语2016--灵敏检测前列腺癌或有历史性进展

灵敏检测前列腺癌或有历史性进展

Scientists have developed a new test for prostate cancer that may help patients and their doctors make difficult treatment decisions. But identifying the most aggressive and dangerous prostate cancers still won't be easy.

科学家研发了一种检测前列腺癌的新方法，或将帮助病人及其主治医生做出以往不容易做的治疗决定。但识别出最具有破坏性和危险性的前列腺癌，依然不是一件容易事。

A widely-used blood test is often used to screen for potential prostate cancer, but University of Michigan researcher Scott Tomlins says it has its limitations.

人们普遍使用血液测试来检测前列腺癌的可能性，但密歇根大学的斯科特表示，血液检测也有其局限性。

"The PSA test, prostate-specific antigen, is just that - it's very specific for prostate tissue, but it's not specific for prostate cancer."

 “前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）的特点是，它对前列腺组织有特异性，但对前列腺癌并无特异性。”

Men with a PSA score that is high or increasing may have prostate cancer. But the PSA result could also mean an enlarged but non-cancerous prostate gland¹. 

PSA较高或者不断上升的男子可能患有前列腺癌。但也有可能是前列腺增生，而非前列腺癌。

So doctors often recommend a needle biopsy of the prostate. The procedure can be unpleasant, and worse, it often doesn't provide definitive² guidance on whether or how to treat the patient.

因此一些医生建议做一个前列腺穿刺活检。但穿刺活检的操作步骤可能不让人舒心，甚至是糟心，因为对于病人是否需要做穿刺活检以及如何做穿刺活检，并没有明确的指导。

So Tomlins and his colleagues are evaluating a new test that would identify a genetic⁴ anomaly that is linked to cancer. 

斯科特及其同事正在评估一项新的检测，该检测能识别与癌症有关的遗传性异常。

"And what it does is," Tomlins says," it puts two genes⁵ together - TMPRSS2 and ERG - that sort of function as an 'on' switch in the prostate, that's what TMPRSS2 does, and then ERG is a gene³ that cause cells to become cancerous. And so you basically turned on a bad gene in the prostate."

 “这项检测是将两个基因TMPRSS2和ERG放在一起，前者的作用相当于前列腺的开关，而后者能引起细胞癌变。而患有前列腺癌的病人基因变异到ERG坏的基因那边。

Tomlins says this particular gene pair is unique to prostate cancer - it doesn't show up in normal prostate tissue, and it isn't found in other cancers. But it doesn't occur in all patients.

斯科特表示，只有患有前列腺癌的病人才会有这个特殊的基因对——正常的前列腺组织以及其他癌症患者的身上是没有的。

In this new study, the researchers tested the urine of prostate patients for TMPRSS2:ERG plus PCA3, another genetic marker associated with prostate cancer. 

也并不是所有患者身上都有这个基因对。在这项新研究中，斯科特等人检测了前列腺癌患者尿液中的TMPRSS2:ERG和PCA3。

The men in the study had suspicious PSA levels and had been referred for a needle biopsy. 

PCA3是与前列腺癌有关的另一遗传标记。该患者PSA含量可疑，并被建议做穿刺。

Researchers found that the urine test helped predict whether the high PSA score was caused by cancer, and also helped predict how aggressive the cancer was.

他们发现，尿检帮助预测PSA含量过高是否由癌症引起，并能帮助预测癌症的严重程度。

But Tomlins says that, although the new test can help doctors make a diagnosis⁶ and guide treatment, it has its limitations.

但斯科特说，虽然新检测能帮助医生做出诊断，指导治疗，但仍有其局限性。

"I think the idea that you'll have a test that is 100 percent specific for cancer, it's 100 percent sensitive, and it will only identify the type of cancer that's aggressive and needs to be treated - I think that we are very far away from that, and I don't know if we'll ever be able to do that."

 “我认为，要实现具有100%前列腺癌特异性、100%灵敏度的检测，识别出需要治疗的前列腺癌的这一步，离我们还很遥远。我不确定我们是否能实现这一点”。

1 gland   

n.腺体，(机)密封压盖，填料盖

参考例句：

• This is a snake's poison gland.这就是蛇的毒腺。
• Her mother has an underactive adrenal gland.她的母亲肾上腺机能不全。

2 definitive   

adj.确切的，权威性的；最后的，决定性的

参考例句：

• This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine.这本书是世界美食的权威指南。
• No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so.至于为什么该这样，还没有人给出明确的答复。

3 gene   

n.遗传因子，基因

参考例句：

• A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
• The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。

4 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

5 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

6 diagnosis   

n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断

参考例句：

• His symptoms gave no obvious pointer to a possible diagnosis.他的症状无法作出明确的诊断。
• The engineer made a complete diagnosis of the bridge's collapse.工程师对桥的倒塌做一次彻底的调查分析。