TED演讲:人类基因研究需要更多样化(2)

Now you don't need a PhD to see that that leaves four percent for the rest of diversity.

你不需要一个博士学位都能发现其他的种族只有4%。

And in my own searching, I've discovered that far less than one percent have actually focused on indigenous¹ communities, like myself.

在我自己的研究里，我发现远不到1%的研究是专注于像我一样的土著居民。

So that begs the question: Who is the Human Genome Project actually for?

所以我要问一个问题：人类基因组计划究竟是为了谁？

Just like we have different colored eyes and hair, we metabolize drugs differently based on the variation in our genomes.

就像我们有着不同颜色的眼睛和头发一样，根据我们的基因组，我们对药物的新陈代谢不同。

So how many of you would be shocked to learn that 95 percent of clinical trials

所以我不知道你们会多惊讶95%的医疗临床试验

have also exclusively featured individuals of European ancestry²?

也是专门为欧洲血统的人。

This bias³ and systematic⁴ lack of engagement of indigenous people in both clinical trials and genome studies

这一不公平和缺少对土著居民的系统研究，在医疗临床和基因研究领域

is partially⁵ the result of a history of distrust.

都是造成历史上种族不信任的部分原因。

For example, in 1989, researchers from Arizona State University obtained blood samples from Arizona's Havasupai tribe,

举个例子，1989年，亚利桑那州州立大学的研究者们在亚利桑那州哈瓦苏部落采集了血样，

promising⁶ to alleviate⁷ the burden of type 2 diabetes⁸ that was plaguing their community,

保证减轻在社区横行的2型糖尿病，

only to turn around and use those exact same samples -- without the Havasupai's consent

但是却在没有哈瓦苏人的同意下，用这些血样

to study rates of schizophrenia, inbreeding, and challenge the Havasupai's origin story.

来研究精神分裂症和近亲繁殖的概率，并且挑战哈瓦苏部落的起源。

When the Havasupai found out, they sued successfully for $700,000, and they banned ASU from conducting research on their reservation.

当哈瓦苏人发现的时候，他们成功起诉，获得了70万美元的罚款，还禁止亚利桑那州立大学对其部落的研究。

This culminated⁹ in a sort of domino effect with local tribes in the Southwest

这件事在美国西南造成了多米诺效应，

including the Navajo Nation, one of the largest tribes in the country -- putting a moratorium¹⁰ on genetic¹¹ research.

包括美国最大的部落：纳瓦霍族，他们叫停了一个基因的研究。

1 indigenous   

adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的

参考例句：

• Each country has its own indigenous cultural tradition.每个国家都有自己本土的文化传统。
• Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America.印第安人是美洲的土著居民。

2 ancestry   

n.祖先，家世

参考例句：

• Their ancestry settled the land in 1856.他们的祖辈1856年在这块土地上定居下来。
• He is an American of French ancestry.他是法国血统的美国人。

3 bias   

n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见

参考例句：

• They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
• He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。

4 systematic   

adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的

参考例句：

• The way he works isn't very systematic.他的工作不是很有条理。
• The teacher made a systematic work of teaching.这个教师进行系统的教学工作。

5 partially   

adv.部分地，从某些方面讲

参考例句：

• The door was partially concealed by the drapes.门有一部分被门帘遮住了。
• The police managed to restore calm and the curfew was partially lifted.警方设法恢复了平静，宵禁部分解除。

6 promising   

adj.有希望的，有前途的

参考例句：

• The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
• We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。

7 alleviate   

v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等)

参考例句：

• The doctor gave her an injection to alleviate the pain.医生给她注射以减轻疼痛。
• Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。

8 diabetes   

n.糖尿病

参考例句：

• In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar.对于糖尿病患者，医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
• Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body.糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。

9 culminated   

v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• a gun battle which culminated in the death of two police officers 一场造成两名警察死亡的枪战
• The gala culminated in a firework display. 晚会以大放烟火告终。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 moratorium   

n.(行动、活动的)暂停(期)，延期偿付

参考例句：

• The government has called for a moratorium on weapons testing.政府已要求暂停武器试验。
• We recommended a moratorium on two particular kinds of experiments.我们建议暂禁两种特殊的实验。

11 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。