名人认知系列 哲学思想家15：Karl Marx 卡尔·马克思

Karl Marx

卡尔·马克思

As a student in Bonn and Berlin, Marx was greatly influenced by the philosophy of Hegel. While Marx was impressed with the Hegelian professors under whom he studied, he ultimately found himself attracted to a group of students known as the “Young Hegelians” .

在波恩和柏林求学时，马克思极大地受到黑格尔哲学的影响。他从师于一名研究黑格尔的教授，之后发现自己被一个称作“年轻的黑格尔派”的学生组织所吸引。

Although Marx desired a career as an academic at the time, his political sympathies prevented him from receiving a position in the state-controlled university system. Instead, Marx turned to journalism¹ where his radical² politics attracted the attention of Prussian censors³. The publication for which he worked was shut down for its politically incorrect commentary, and the frustrated⁴ Marx traveled to Paris.

尽管马克思当时渴望研究学问，但他的政治态度使他不能从当局控制的大学中求得一职，因此马克思转向报纸，而他激进的政治思想吸引了普鲁士当局的注意。 由于“不正确”的政治评论，他所在的出版社被关闭， 沮丧的马克思只好流浪到巴黎。

Paris in 1843 was an international center of social, political, and artistic⁵ activity and the gathering⁶ place of radicals⁷ and revolutionaries from all over Europe. In Paris Marx became involved with socialists⁹ and revolutionaries. Most significantly, though, it was in Paris that Marx met Friedrich Engels, the son of a wealthy textile manufacturer in England who had become a socialist⁸ after observing the deplorable condition of workers in his father’s factories. Together, Marx and Engels began to develop the ideas which became Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism, or, as it is better known, Communism. Eventually, Marx was exiled from France in 1845 at the behest of the Prussian government for antiroyalist writings.

1843年的巴黎是社会活动、政治活动和艺术活动的国际中心，也是来自全欧洲的激进主义者和革命主义者聚集的地方。在巴黎，马克思开始参与社会主义者和革命者的活动。最重要的是，在巴黎，马克思遇到了恩格斯——这位英格兰富裕的纺织工厂主的儿子。恩格斯看到父亲工厂里的工人可悲的生存条件，后来成为一名社会主义者。马克思和恩格斯一起开始发展自己的思想, 后来成为无产阶级社会主义，即共产主义。因为反对皇室的文章，在普鲁士政府的压力下，1845年马克思被法国当局流放。

After leaving Paris, Marx traveled to Belgium where he became involved with a group of artisans. He attempted to assemble a ragtag group into a unified¹⁰ political organization, the German Working Men’s Association, which later became “The Communist League” . In 1847 the Communist League commissioned Marx and Engels to pen a statement of their beliefs and aims. This statement became the Communist Manifesto¹¹, which Marx zealously¹² composed in anticipation¹³ the revolutions of 1848. When revolution did begin in Germany in 1848，Marx traveled to the Rhineland to encourage its progress. When the revolution failed, Marx returned to Paris but soon left for London where he would remain for the rest of his life.

离开巴黎后，马克思来到比利时，参与到一个手工业者的团体中。马克思想把这个松散杂乱的组织形成一 个统一的政治团体——德国工人协会，后来成为共产主义者同盟。1847年，共产主义者同盟委托马克思和恩格斯起草一份有关同盟的目标和信仰的纲领性文件，这份文件后来成为《共产党宣言》。在宣言中，马克思热切地预言1848年革命。当1848年革命真的在德国展开时， 马克思来到莱茵兰，声援革命。当革命失败后，马克思回到巴黎，但很快就去了伦敦，直到去世。

Marx died in London in 1883，still awaiting the inevitable¹⁴ revolution which he had predicted.
 

1883年马克思弥留之际，依然期待着他所预计的不可避免的革命的到来。

1 journalism   

n.新闻工作，报业

参考例句：

• He's a teacher but he does some journalism on the side.他是教师，可还兼职做一些新闻工作。
• He had an aptitude for journalism.他有从事新闻工作的才能。

2 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

3 censors   

删剪（书籍、电影等中被认为犯忌、违反道德或政治上危险的内容）( censor的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The censors eviscerated the book to make it inoffensive to the President. 审查员删去了该书的精华以取悦于总统。
• The censors let out not a word. 检察官一字也不发。

4 frustrated   

adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧

参考例句：

• It's very easy to get frustrated in this job. 这个工作很容易令人懊恼。
• The bad weather frustrated all our hopes of going out. 恶劣的天气破坏了我们出行的愿望。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 artistic   

adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的

参考例句：

• The picture on this screen is a good artistic work.这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。
• These artistic handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends.外国朋友很喜欢这些美术工艺品。

6 gathering   

n.集会，聚会，聚集

参考例句：

• He called on Mr. White to speak at the gathering.他请怀特先生在集会上讲话。
• He is on the wing gathering material for his novels.他正忙于为他的小说收集资料。

7 radicals   

n.激进分子( radical的名词复数 )；根基；基本原理；[数学]根数

参考例句：

• Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals. 一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The worry is that the radicals will grow more intransigent. 现在人们担忧激进分子会变得更加不妥协。 来自辞典例句

8 socialist   

n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的

参考例句：

• China is a socialist country,and a developing country as well.中国是一个社会主义国家，也是一个发展中国家。
• His father was an ardent socialist.他父亲是一个热情的社会主义者。

9 socialists   

社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The socialists saw themselves as true heirs of the Enlightenment. 社会主义者认为自己是启蒙运动的真正继承者。
• The Socialists junked dogma when they came to office in 1982. 社会党人1982年上台执政后，就把其政治信条弃之不顾。

10 unified   

(unify 的过去式和过去分词)； 统一的； 统一标准的； 一元化的

参考例句：

• The teacher unified the answer of her pupil with hers. 老师核对了学生的答案。
• The First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 B.C. 秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国。

11 manifesto   

n.宣言，声明

参考例句：

• I was involved in the preparation of Labour's manifesto.我参与了工党宣言的起草工作。
• His manifesto promised measures to protect them.他在宣言里保证要为他们采取保护措施。

12 zealously   

adv.热心地；热情地；积极地；狂热地

参考例句：

• Of course the more unpleasant a duty was, the more zealously Miss Glover performed it. 格洛弗小姐越是对她的职责不满意，她越是去积极执行它。 来自辞典例句
• A lawyer should represent a client zealously within the bounds of the law. 律师应在法律范围内热忱为当事人代理。 来自口语例句

13 anticipation   

n.预期，预料，期望

参考例句：

• We waited at the station in anticipation of her arrival.我们在车站等着，期待她的到来。
• The animals grew restless as if in anticipation of an earthquake.各种动物都变得焦躁不安，像是感到了地震即将发生。

14 inevitable   

adj.不可避免的，必然发生的

参考例句：

• Mary was wearing her inevitable large hat.玛丽戴着她总是戴的那顶大帽子。
• The defeat had inevitable consequences for British policy.战败对英国政策不可避免地产生了影响。